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What is disease?
alteration of the state of the body or some of its parts which interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of bodily functions
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Define symptoms.
any change in the body or its function as perceived by the patient - may only be observed by the patient
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What are the causes of non-infectious diseases?
- mechanical injury
- poisons
- nutritional
- hormonal
- enzymatic
- degenerative
- genetic - congenital, developmental
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What is contamination?
presence of microorganisms in the body
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What is infection?
presence and replication of microorganisms in the body, which may cause tissue injury or disease
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Define clinical signs.
objective evidence, manifestations of disease apparent to the observer
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What are the different types of infections?
- contagious
- non-contagious
- zoonotic
- parasitic
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Define contagious.
transmitted from one animal to another
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Define non-contagious.
not transmitted to other animals
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Define zoonotic.
transmitted from animal to human or human to animal
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Define parasitic.
internal or external
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What are the methods of spread of disease?
- direct contact
- fomites
- carriers
- soil
- food and water
- airborne
- insects
- resident flora
- laboratory exposure
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What are the different classifications of disease according to time?
- peracute
- acute
- subacute
- chronic
- subclinical
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Define peracute.
- affects animal extremely rapidly
- often dies before clinical signs are seen
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Define acute.
- arises within a few hours and is resolved within days or a few weeks
- either death or recovery
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Define subclinical.
- development of clinical signs takes 1 - 3 weeks
- either death or recovery
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Define chronic.
- insidious onset - weeks, months, or years
- often cannot pinpoint exactly when the animal became ill
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Define subclinical.
- ADR
- self - corrects in a few daysÂ
- may never determine the causes
- may become a latent infection - carrier state
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What are the properties of infectious agents?
- virulence
- bacterial enzymes
- toxin production
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What is virulence?
- the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease
- ability to grow and thrive in the environment provided by the host
- can invade and cause lesions
- destroys cells by - presence, secretion, and/or host response
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What does virulence result in?
- local infections
- systemic infections
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What are the different systemic infections?
- septicemia
- viremia
- bacteremia
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Yew poisoning is an example of what type of disease?
peracute
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Milk fever is an example of what type of disease?
acute
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Panleukopenia is an example of what type of disease?
acute
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Parvovirus is an example of what type of disease?
acute
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Intestinal obstruction is an example of what type of disease?
subacute
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Hip dysplasia is an example of what type of disease?
chronic
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Bacterial enzymes is an important factors in _____.
virulence
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What are the different types of bacterial enzymes?
- hyaluronidase
- staphylokinase
- streptolysin
- penicillinase
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What does hyaluronidase do?
- breaks down hyaluronic acid - tissue "glue"
- makes it more "liquid-y" between cells, easier for microorganisms to spread
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What does staphylokinase do?
- produced by certain staphlyococci
- lyses fibrin
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What does streptolysin do?
a hemolysin (breaks down red blood cells) produced by certain streptococci
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What are toxins?
chemical substances destructive to the body, "poisons"
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What are the two types of toxins?
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What are endotoxins?
toxins produced by bacterial cells that are released when the bacteria dies
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What is the most common endotoxin?
Escherichia coli
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Endotoxins are a component of gram _____ bacterial cell wall
negative
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What are the clinical signs of endotoxemia?
- fever
- inflammation
- hemorrhage
- shock
- DIC
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What are the characteristics of endotoxins?
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What are true toxins?
exotoxins
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What are exotoxins produced and released by?
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What are characteristics of exotoxins?
- highly poisonous
- excellent antigens
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What are the different host defenses against disease?
- anatomical barriers
- reflex barriers
- phagocytosis by neutorphils and macrophages
- biochemical
- antitoxin production
- interferon
- fever, inflammation
- immune system
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What is the primary defense against disease?
anatomical barriers
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What are the different anatomical barriers?
- skin
- mucous membranes
- low pH of stomach acid
- sebaceous glands
- perspiration, tears, saliva
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What are the different mucous membranes?
- respiratory tract
- gastrointestinal tract
- genitourinary tracts
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What type of properties do sebaceous glands have?
antifungal and antibacterial properties
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How does perspiration, tears, and saliva protect against diseases?
have lysozymes that attack the cell walls of certain bacteria - mild antiseptic effect
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What are the different reflex barriers?
- coughing
- sneezing
- vomiting
- diarrhea
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What are the different biochemical defenses against disease?
enzyme systems such as lysozymes in WBCs
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What is antitoxin production?
an antibody formed to fight a specific toxin
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What is interferon?
a type of protein produced by cells exposed to a virus, bacteria, antigens, etc - having the ability to inhibit viral replications and having other immune functions
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What is a fever?
a rise in body temperature above normal in response to disease
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What typically causes a fever?
infectious disease
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What does a high temperature associated with a fever do?
may inhibit growth of virus or bacteria
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Other than infectious disease, what can cause a fever?
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What is pyrogen?
a fever-causing substance - from the infectious agent or from host body cells
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What is considered a dangerous fever in small animals?
106 degrees
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What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?
- heat - "color"
- redness - "rubor"
- swelling - "tumor"
- pain - "dolor"
- loss of function
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What does inflammation cause?
- vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
- swelling of tissues due to fluid leakage from blood
- increased local temperature due to vasodilation
- pain from swelling - migration of WBCs through vessel walls
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