-
Deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts, what things look like and where they are located.
Anatomy
-
Deals with the functions of the body and its parts, how things work and what they do.
Physiology
-
Runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves.
Median Plane
-
Runs the length of the body and divides it into unequal left and right parts
Sagittal Plane
-
Runs across the body that divides it into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal.
Transverse Plane
-
At right angles to the sagittal plane divides body into dorsal and ventral parts
Dorsal Plane
-
Toward the center of the body
Deep
-
Toward the surface of the body
Superficial
-
List 3 paired structures of the body
Kidney, lungs and legs
-
List 3 single structures of the body
Brain, heart and GI tract
-
List the 2 main body cavities
- Dorsal Body Cavities
- Ventral Body Cavities
-
What are 2 parts of the dorsal body cavity?
-
What are 2 parts of the ventral body cavity and give examples?
- Thoracic Cavity - heart, lungs, esophagus and blood vessels
- Abdominal Cavity - digestive, urinary and reproductive organs
-
Covers the organs in the thorax
Pleura
-
Covers the organs in the abdomen
Peritoneum
-
Covers the organs in the pleura and peritoneum
Visceral
-
Lines the cavity in the pleura and peritoneum
Parietal
-
5 Basic Life functions to be a living organ
- Growth
- Respond to stimuli
- Seek out and absorb food
- Eliminate waste
- Reproduce
-
Cells that specializes in absorbing nutrients
intestinal cells
-
Cells that specialize in carrying oxygen
Red blood cells
-
Cells that specialize in organizing and controlling body functions
Nerve cells
-
4 Basic tissues
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
-
What are 3 means of communication in an animal's body?
- Circulatory
- Lymphatics
- Nervous System
-
6 functions of the epithelial tissue
- 1. Protects, covers, and lines
- 2. Filters biochemical substances
- 3. Absorb nutrients
- 4. Provides sensory input
- 5. Manufactures secretions
- 6. Manufactures excretions
-
Give an example of where you find epithelial tissue.
Lining of the mouth, intestines and urinary bladder
-
What are the 2 classifications for epithelial tissue
Simple and stratified
-
2 types of epithelial tissue and examples of where you find it
- Mucosal - lines the body cavities that open to the outside - mouth, rectum, nose, intestinal tract, eyes
- Serosal - lines the body cavities that do not open to the outside - pleura and peritoneum
-
List the 7 types of epithelial tissue and indicate where you would find them.
- 1. Simple Squamous Epithelium - lines blood vessels, inside the heart, feet (stratified)
- 2. Cubodial Epithelium - surface of the ovaries, thyroid in portion of secretory gland, lining the ducts of the liver, pancreas, kidney, exocrine ducts and salivary glands
- 3. Columnar Epithelium - GI tract, uterine tubes and respiratory tracts
- 4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - nasal cavity, trachea, larynyx and bronchi.
- 5. Stratified Sqaumous Epithelium - lining of the mouth, esophagus, vagina and rectum.
- 6.Stratified Columnar Epithelium - large ducts of the mammary glands and small portion of the urtehra in some male animals
- 7. Transitional Epithelium - urinary bladder, urethra and ureters
-
List the main components of the skeletal system
Bones and joints
-
List the main components of the integumentary system
Skin, hair, nails, hooves
-
List the main components of the nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
-
List the main components of the Respiratory system
Lungs and air passages
-
List the main components of the Cardiovascular system
Heart and blood vessels
-
List the main components of the Digestive system
Intestines, pancreas, stomach
-
List the main components of the Muscular system
Skeletal, cardiac and smooth
-
List the main components of the Sensory system
Eye and ear
-
List the main components of the Endocrine system
Glands and hormone
-
List the main components of the Urinary system
Kidneys, ureter, urethra, etc
-
List the main components of the Reproductive system
Ovaries and Testes
-
Maintaining a constant state and keeping the body in equilibrium is called
Homeostasis
-
What 2 systems primarily make up homeostasis?
Endocrine and Nervous System
-
The study which covers the time from conception to partition is called
Embryology
-
What are the 4 areas of development of the zygote
-
4 stages of mitotic division of the zygote
- 1. Zygote
- 2. Morula
- 3. Blastula
- 4. Blastocele
-
What are 3 areas that help to develop cells, tissues and organs? Provide examples of each.
- 1. Endoderm - lungs, intestinal tract, liver, heart
- 2. Ectoderm - skin, hair, hooves, nails, antlers and the entire nervous system
- 3. Mesoderm - skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle, kidneys and connective tissue.
-
What surface faces the lumen or cavity of the epithelia?
Apical
-
What surface faces the connective tissue of the epithelia?
Basal membrane or basement
-
List 4 common epithelial characteristics
- 1. They are polar with apical surface facing the lumen/body cavity and basal membrane facing the underlying connective tissue.
- 2. Lateral surfaces are connected by tight junctions, gap junctions and spot desmosomes called junctional complexes.
- 3. They are avascular - lack blood vessels or capillaries. They rely on the connective tissue to provide oxygen and nutrients.
- 4. They are innervated to provide sensory input. Those that lack nerves = stomach, intestine and cervix.
-
Cells generally have 1 or 2 junctional complexes. What contains all 3 junctions?
Urinary bladder
-
What is the function of the tight junction and where are they found?
Barrier that prevents passage of substances from apical to basal membrane and vise versa. Must pass through the body of the cell in order to pass through the epithelial layer.
Found in Urinary bladder and digestive tracts.
-
What is the function of the gap junction and where are they found?
Allow passage of amino acids (ions) and sugars (nutrients) and transport electrical signals from one cell to another (muscle cells)
Found in intestinal cells, heart and smooth muscle cells.
-
What is the function of the spot desmosomes and where are they found?
Primarily act like velcro & anchors to make sure the walls don't separate. Seals and holds the area together.
Found in skin, heart and uterus (tension & stretch areas)
-
What is the purpose of the basal membrane?
It adheres the epithelial tissue to the connective tissue with a meshwork of fibers.
-
Surface area of the epithelial cells varies describe the characteristics of blood vessels
Smooth surface
-
What is the purpose of microvilli and where is it found?
It increases surface area and is found in the intestines and urinary tract.
-
What is the purpose of brush borders and where would you find them?
To catch foreign bodies. Trachea
-
What are the epithelial surface area characteristics of skin?
It is smooth and has keratin for waterproofing.
-
Simple Squamous Epithelia
Appearance
Function
Location
- Appearance - single layer of hexagon shaped cells
- Function - line surfaces involved in the passage of gas or blood.
- Location - inner lining of the lungs, filtration membranes of kidneys, and lining of blood vessels.
-
Name of simple squamous epithelium in pleural, pericardial, peritoneal cells are called _____________?
Mesothelium
-
Name of simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels is called _______________?
Endothelium
-
Name of simple squamous epithelium that lines the brain, eye and discreet areas is called _______________?
Mesenchymal
-
What are two cells that can go through or between simple squamous epithelial cells and why?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide because they are lipophilic.
-
All blood vessels are lined by a layer of simple squamous epithelium cells called _____________?
Endothelium
-
Shock is ____?
Vasodilitation and reduced cardiac output. During vasodilitation, the cells pull apart allowing plasma and tissue to go out into the tissues which reduces the cardiac output resulting in shock.
-
Name 3 tissues that have the same simple squamous epithelium appearance but are derived from mesoderm?
- 1. Endothelium
- 2. Mesothelium
- 3. Mesenchymal
-
Define mucosa and where you find it?
Lines cavities that open to the outside.
Found in rectum, esphogus
-
Define serosa and where you find it?
Lines cavities that do not open to the outside.
Found in abdominal cavity and body cavity.
-
Describe Feline Panleukopenia and Canine Parvoviral
Enteritis are caused by parvo “cousins” that attack the endothelium. Mortality is high in the young and disabled, as epithelial tissues have trouble renewing themselves. Squamous epithelial cells die and slough in sheets. Therefore animals develop diarrhea, vomit, and can become severely dehydrated in a short time.
-
Simple Cuboidal Epithelia
Appearance
Function
Location
- Appearance - tightly packed cube like cells
- Function - lines ducts that carry enzymes and hormones. Carries hormones and sweat to the surface.
- Location - surface of ovaries, ducts of liver, pancreas, kidney and salivary glands.
-
Simple Columnar Epithelia
Appearance
Function
Location
- Appearance - elongated and closely packed
- Function - associated with absorption and secretion.
- Location - line the gastrointestinal tract,
- Ciliated cells found in uterine tubes, uterus, and small bronchi of lungs.
-
Stratified Squamous Epithelia
Appearance
Function
Location
- Appearance - Cubodial cells from the base and consists of various layers. As they push to the surface/mature loose their nuclei and cytoplasm and become squamous shaped.
- Function - Protects underlying tissue in areas that are prone to friction and chemical stresses.
- Location - mouth, esophagus, vagina and rectum.
-
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia
Appearance
Function
Location
- Appearance - 2 layers of cuboidal
- Function - Secretion, absorption and protection
- Location - Ducts of mammary glands and sweat glands.
-
In what epithelial structure are goblet cells found. What are their function and provide examples of cells that contain goblet cells
- Found: Simple columnar (most common) Never seen in simple squamous epithelium, or stratified squamous eputhelium.
- Function: responsible secretion of enzymes for lubrication and digestion
- Examples: lung and digestive system.
-
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia
Appearance
Function
Location
- Appearance - Appear to be stratified because the nuclei are at different levels
- Function - Surface area of mucus traps particles.
- Location - respiratory track and vas deferens (cilia help to push sperm out)
-
Transitional Epithelia
Appearance
Function
Location
- Appearance - contains a hog-pog of epithelium types
- Function - allows for expanding and contracting - ability to stretch
- Location - Urinary bladder, urethra, ureters
-
What is a gland?
A cell or group of cells that can manufacture and discharge secretions.
-
Describe the production and discharge of secretions?
Secretions are specialized protein molecules that are produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, packaged into granules by the Golgi apparatus, and then discharged from the cell.
|
|
