Medic 14 A&P Ch.1 V2

Study of Life

• Responsiveness
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Movement
• Metabolism

irritability and adaptability

Organisms respond to changes in their immediate environment. 

Organisms make long term changes to adjust to their environment.

Increase in size through growth of cells.

Individual cells become specialized to perform particular functions.

Internal and External

Refers to all the chemical operations that take place in the body. Absorption, Respiration  and excretion.

Absorption of materials from environment  to generate energy. Food and oxygen

Absorption, transport,and use of oxygen by cells

Elimination of unneeded or potentially harmful waste products of metabolic processes.

Study of internal and external structure and the physical relationship between body parts.

How living organisms preform vital functions.

• Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic)
• _{Surface Anatomy, Surface Anatomy,and Systemic anatomy.}
• Microscopic Anatomy
• _{Cytology, and Histology.}

Concerns features visible with the unaided eye.

Refers to the study of general form and superficial markings.

Considers all the superficial and internal features in a specific part of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk.

Considers the structure of the major organ systems which are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner. 

Concerns structures that cannot be seen without magnification. 

Analyzes the internal structure of individual  cells.

Examines tissues.

• Cell Physiology 
• Special Physiology
• Systemic physiology
• Pathological Physiology (pathology) 

Study of the functions of living cells,chemical or molecular, within and between cells.

Function of specific organs

Considers all aspects of the function of the specific organ systems.

Effects of diseases on the organ or organ systems.

• Chemical 
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism

Refers to the existence of a stable internal environment. 

Refers to the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis 

• Receptor 
• Control Center(integration center)
• Effector

is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus

Receives and processes information from receptor  

Which responds to the commands of the control center whose activity opposes or reinforces the stimulus. 

A Variation outside the desired range triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation.

The initial stimulus produces a response the reinforces that stimulus.

Involves regulation of a potentially dangerous or stressful process that must be completed quickly.

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

Protects against environmental hazards; Helps control body temperature 

• Cutaneous Membrane 
• _{Epidermis, Dermis}
• Hair Follicles 
• _{Hair, Sebaceous Glands}
• Sweat Glands
• Nails
• Sensory Receptors
• Subcutaneous Layer

Provides support; Protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood.

• Bones,cartilages, and joints
• _{Axial skeleton(skull,vertebrae,ribs,sternum,sacrum,cartilages,and ligaments.}

Appendicular skeleton(Limbs and supporting bones and ligaments.

Bone Marrow

Allows for locomotion; provides support; produces heat

• Skeletal Muscles(700)
• Axial Muscles 
• Appendicular Muscles
• Tendons

Directs immediate response to stimuli; usually  by coordinating the activities of other organ system.

• Central Nervous system (CNS)
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Directs long-term changes in activites of other organ systems

• Pineal Gland
• Pituitary Gland
• Thyroid Gland
• Thymus
• Kidneys
• Pancreas
• Gonads
• _{Testes,Ovaries.}

Transports Cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes and gases.

• Heart
• Blood vessels
• _{Arteries, Capillaries, Veins}
• Blood

Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream

• Lymphatic vessels
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Thymus

Delivers Air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.

Nasal Cavities,Paranasal sinuses

• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs
• Alveoli

Processes Food and absorbs nutrients 

• Salivary Glands
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Small intestine
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas
• Large Intestine

Eliminates excess water,salts, and waste products.

• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra

Produces sex cells and hormones

• Testes
• Accessory Organs
• _{Epididymis, ductus deferens (sperm duct), Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra}
• External Genitalia
• Penis, Scrotum.

Produces sex cells and hormones

• Ovaries
• Uterine tubes
• Uterus 
• Vagina
• External Genitalia 
• _{Clitoris, Labia}
• Mammary Glands

Head (Cephalic)

Skull (Crainial)

Facial

(frontal)

Eye

Cheek

Nose (nasal)

Mouth(oral)

Neck

Chin(Mental)

Neck (cervical)

Thorax, chest, (Thoracic)

Breast (Mammary)

Armpit (axillary)

(abominal)

Naval (umbilical)

Arm (brachial)

front of elbow (antecubital)

Wrist (carpal)

Thumb

Figners digital or phalangeal

(Palmar)

Pelvic

(inguinal)

(pubic)

(Femoral)

Kneecap (patellar)

(crural)

Anckle (tarsal)

Digits (digital or phalangeal)

 the great toe

Foot (pedal)

(acromial)

Back (dorsal)

(lumbar)

Back of elbow (olecranal)

buttock (gluteal)

(Sural)

heel of foot (calcaneal)

Sole of foot (plantar)

Cephalic Region

Cervical region

Thoracic region

Abdominal region

Pelvic region

Lumbar Region

Gluteal Region

Pubic Region

Inguinal region

Axillary region

brachial region

Antebrachial Region

Manual region

Femoral region

Crural Region

Sural Region

Pedal Region

Plantar region

Divides the body into Superior and Inferior portions. The cut in this plane is called the transverse section or cross section.

Divides into Anterior and Posterior.

Divides left and right. The cut that divides is the midsagittal section

The front;before

The belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body)

The Back; Behind

The back (equivalent to posterior when referring to the human body)

the head

Above; at a higher level (in the body,toward the head.

The tail (coccyx in humans)

Below; at a lower level

Toward the body's longitudinal axis

Away from the body's longitudinal axis

Toward an attached base

Away from the attached base

At,near,relatively close to the body surface

Farther from the body surface

Divided by the diaphragm into The thoracic cavity and abdominal pelvic cavity.

Organs found in the Ventral body cavity.

Serous membrane that covers the visceral organs.

lines the inner surface of the body wall

• 1 Paricardial Cavity
• 2 Pleural cavities 

• The serous membrane that covers the heart.
• Parietal pericardium-> Pericardial cavity ->visceral pericardium

The connective tissue of the mediastinum surrounds the pericadial cavity and the heart, large arteries  and veins attached to the heat, and the thymus, trachea, and esophagus.

Serous membrane that lines a pleural cavity

extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis. subdivided into superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity

Chamber lined by serous membrane known as the peritoneum.

 extends from the inferior surface of the diaphragm to the level of the superior margins of the pelvis and contains liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.

Is the ventral body cavity inferior to the abdominal cavity. contains the distal portion of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and various reproductive organs.