A&P

• anything that occupies space and has mass
• can be seen, smelled, and felt

the capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion

energy in action

• stored energy
• potential energy has the capability to do work but is not presently doing so

form stored in the bonds of chemical substances

*found in food we eat

results from movement of charged particles.

• *transmits messages in body.
• *found in flow of electrons along household wiring

energy directly involved in moving matter

*when riding a bike, your legs directly provide mechanical energy to move pedals

energy that travels in waves

*include visible light, infrared waves, radio waves, UV waves, and xrays

unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

-- all matter is composed of elements

building blocks of everything

-smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

-- comes from the Greek word "indivisible"

• control center of a cell
• contains genetic material
• clusters of nerve cell bodies in CNS

• uncharged subatomic particle
• found in atomic nucleus
• neutral, so nucleus is positively charged overall

• subatomic particle that bears positive electrical charge
• located in atomic nucleus

• negatively charged subatomic particle
• orbits the atom's nucleus

• a major component of both organic (carbon-containing) and inorganic (non-carbon-containing) molecules.  As a gas, it is needed for the production of cellular energy (ATP)
• 65% body mass

• primary component of all organic molecules, which include carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids
• 18.5% body mass

• component of all organic molecules. As an ion (proton), it influences pH of all body fluids
• 9.5% body mass

is the simplest atom with just 1 proton and 1 electron and no neutrons

• component of proteins and nucleic acids (genetic material)
• 3.2% body mass

• found as a salt in bones and teeth.  Its ionic (Ca2+) form is required for muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses, and blood clotting
• 1.5% body mass

• part of calcium phosphate salts in bones and teeth.  also present in nucleic acids, and part of ATP
• 1% body mass

• its ion (K+) is the major positive ion (cation) in cells.  necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contractions
• .4% body mass

• component of proteins, particularly muscle proteins
• 0.3% body mass

• as an ion (Na+), sodium is the major positive ion found in extracellular fluids.  Important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
• 0.2% body mass

• its ion (chloride, Cl-) is the most abundant negative ion (anion) in extracellular fluids
• 0.2% body mass

• present in bone
• important cofactor in a number of metabolic reactions.
• 0.1% body mass

• needed to make functional thyroid hormones
• 0.1% body mass

• component of hemoglobin (which transports oxygen w/in RBCs) and some enzymes
• 0.1% body mass

• equal to the number of protons in its nucleus and is written as a subscript to the left of its atomic symbol.
• the #protons is always equal to the #electrons in an atom, so the atomic # will indirectly tell you the # of electrons in atom as well

sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons of an atom

different atomic forms of same element, which vary only in # of neutrons they contain

• average of the relative weights (mass numbers) of all the isotopes of an element
• atomic weight of element is approx equal to the mass # of its most abundant isotope

isotopes that exhibit behavior of radioactivity (atomic decay)

combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

two or more different kids of atoms bind, forming molecules

*2 hydrogen atoms combine w/1 oxygen atom to form the compound H20

-- compounds are chemically pure and all their molecules are identical

• physical combinations of solutes in a solvent
• mixture components retain their individual properties

*3 basic types: solutions, colloids, suspensions

a mole of any element or compound is equal to its atomic weight or its molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) measured in grams

a way to express the concentration of a solution; moles per liter of solution

homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids

mixture has exactly the same composition or makeup throughout

substance present in the greatest amount

*water is the body's chief solvent

substances present in smaller amounts

composition is dissimilar in different areas of the mixture

• aka emulsions
• often appear translucent or milky - do not settle out
• scatter light
• can undergo sol-gel transformations (change reversibly from fluid (sol) to a solid (gel)

heterogeneous mixture w/large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.

*sand and water mixture

atom's outermost energy level or that portion of it containing the electrons that are chemically reactive

• the key to chemical reactivity
• atoms tend to interact in such a way that they have 8 electrons in their valence shell (except for shell 1 which is full when it has 2 electrons)

chemical bond b/w atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other

anion - negative charge

cation - positive charge

*both formed whenever electron transfer b/w atoms occurs

formed when atoms share electron pairs. If electron pairs shared equally, the molecule is nonpolar.  If shared unequally, it is polar (a dipole)

• weak bonds formed b/w one hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom (such as nitrogen or oxygen)
• Bind together different molecules or different parts of same molecule

reactions that release energy - yield products w/less energy

substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions w/o themselves becoming chemically changed or part of the product

*biological catalysts are called enzymes