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A polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone or a compound that yeilds either of these upon hydrolysis
carbohydrate
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A single saccharide molecule that cannot by hydrolyzed to a more simple compound.
Contains 3-9 carbon atoms
monosaccharide
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two saccharide molecules joined by a glycosidic bond
disaccharide
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carbohydrates that contain 6-10 monosaccharide units
oligosaccharides
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carbohydrates that contain more than 10 monosaccharide units
polysaccharide
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A compound has ___ when it has the ability to rotate the plan of polarized light
optical activity
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An object is ___ when it is NOT superimposable on its mirror image
chiral
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A carbon with 4 different consituents on it
chiral carbon (or stereogenic center)
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compounds with the same molecular formula, but the atoms have a different spatial arrangement and may have different properties
isomers
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molecules with the same molecular formula which differ only in the orientation of groups around one carbon atom (for example D-glucose and D-galactose)
epimers
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A pair of molecules are called ____ when they are non-superposable mirror images
enantiomers
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Stereoisomers of a cyclic monosaccharide that differ only at the anomeric carbon. Can be alpha or beta configuration
anomers
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D-
In a Fischer projection, which side of the penultimate carbon is the OH group?
right
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L-
In a Fischer projection, which side of the penultimate carbon is the OH group?
Left (L for left)
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dextrorotatory means ______ rotation
clockwise (positive)
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levorotatory means ____ rotation
counter clockwise (-)
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Three categories of carbohydrates
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Three functions of carbohydrates
- Energy (short term)
- Supply of carbon building blocks
- Provides structure to cells and tissue
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Is it possible for a carbohydrate to contain nitrogen?
Yes, some do
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simple sugars are an example of __glycerides
mono
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sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples of __glycerides
di
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glycogen, starches, and cellulose are examples of __glycerides
poly
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How many carbons does aldohexose have?
6
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When you treat an aldehyde with one alcohol molecule this yields...
a hemiacetal
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When you treat a ketone with one alcohol molecule this yields...
a hemiketal
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When an anomeric carbon forms a bond with an OH group from another molecule, this bond is called a _____________ bond, and the resulting molecule is called a __________
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How can you tell if a carbohydrate is a reducing sugar?
It will have an alcohol on the anomeric carbon
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A 5-membered sugar ring
furanose
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A 6-membered sugar ring
pyranose
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what is the most common form of polysaccharide found in nature?
cellulose
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Homopolysaccharides
identical repeating units
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heteropolysaccharides
repeating units that aren't all the same
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Do polysaccharides have a defined molecular weight?
No. Why? Because they are not synthesize on a template, so the exact number of repeating units can vary (unlike proteins)
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Name two major components of starch. Which is more branched?
- Amylose (linear)
- Amylopectin (branched)
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