LAT6.txt

1. The advantage of animals bred in-house is that they have a known background in terms of husbandry and health status. The disadvantage is that it is often very expensive to breed animals in-house. The advantage of buying animals from outside sources is that they often cost less than were they to be bred in-house. The disadvantage is that the husbandry and health status of the animals may not be known.

2 .USDA most thoroughly regulates animal transportation

3. First, inspect the outside of the box for damage. Then, verify that the animals in the box match what was ordered. Then, spray the outside of the box with a disinfectant to kill any pathogens. After the appropriate contact time, move the box to the quarantine area and put the animals in their cages

4. Animals are quarantined in order to determine their health status so as to reduce the risk of bringing pathogens into an established animal colony. Conditioning is when animals are simply acclimated to their new surroundings, allowed to recover from the stress of transportation and perhaps vaccinated

5. Primates often have the most stringent quarantine requirements

6. Sentinel are animals that are maintained in the same room or rack as the experimental animals but are not subject to any experimental manipulations; they are there to detect any diseases that may be moving through the colony of animals; to be sure they get any diseases that may exist, dirty bedding from the experimental animals is put in their cage at cage changing and the sentinels are kept on the bottom shelf of the rack so they are exposed to anything the comes out of the upper cages

7. Conventional animals have an unknown health status; they are assumed to be carrying species-specific diseases but beyond that, their disease status is unclear

8. SPF means specific pathogen free

9. An axenic animal is completely free of all microorganisms, both pathogenic and beneficial; they are also called germ free

10. A gnotobiotic animal is one in which their precise health status is known meaning every microorganism in them or on them is known. They begin as axenic animals and then are inoculated with specific known organisms

11. Gnotobiology is the study of animals with defined (known) disease status

12. The room containing the cleanest animals should be under positive pressure to keep any potential pathogens out.

13. Caesarian derivation means surgically removing fetuses from a female and cross-fostering them to them to a clean female in order to minimize the chance that any pathogens the original mother had will be transmitted to the offspring

14. Diseases spread vertically are spread from one generation to another (i.e. mother to offspring) while those spread horizontally are spread within a generation of animals

15. A fomite is an inanimate object that can carry disease from one location to another. Examples include a broom, a cage, a lab coat, a dust pan, etc.

16. A vector is a living organism that can transmit disease. Examples include mosquitoes, rats, ticks, etc.

17. A zoonotic disease is one that can be transmitted from animals to humans or from humans to animals

18. If a disease is enzootic, it means it exists in the population of animals but under normal conditions, most animals will not show signs of illness

19. An epizootic is when a disease spread rapidly throughout a population of animals with many of them getting sick

20. Bordetella bronchiseptica is asymptomatic in rabbits but causes severe illness in guinea pigs

21. Yes

22. Temperature extremes, low humidity, exposure to toxins, unpalatable food, excessive light, excessive noise, etc.

23. Neo means new and plasia means growth so a neoplasia is a new growth, often used in reference to a tumor

24. Dystocia means difficult or abnormal birth

25. Biological Safety Level

26. MHV stands for Mouse Hepatitis Virus

27. Mycoplasma pulmonis can be activated by high concentrations of ammonia

28. Sentinal animal

29. Yes, congenital means present at birth

30. Bacteria, protozoa, helminthes, arthropods (insects)

31. The diagnosis of a disease is the determination of the cause; the prognosis is the expected outcome

32. A chronic disease comes on slowly and lasts for a long time; an acute disease comes on very suddenly

33. If a disease is clinical, that means it is observable, a person can see evidence of it in the animal; if a disease is subclinical, that means it is not observable, no evidence of the disease can be seen

34. Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

35. A moribund animal is one that is near death; the morbidity of a disease is the rate that animals get sick and the mortality of a disease is the rate that animals die from it

36. Autolysis is the breakdown of tissues; the best way to preserve tissue for necropsy is to refrigerate it

• A. alopecia
• B. dyspnea
• C. listlessness
• D. prolapse
• E. pruritus
• F. stunting
• G. malignant
• H. benign
• I. etiology
• J. peracute
• K. ischemia
• L. necropsy
• M. dehydration
• 37.
• A. alopecia - hair loss
• B. dyspnea - difficulty breathing
• C. listlessness - lethargic, lacking energy
• D. prolapse - an internal organ slipping out of place
• E. pruritis - frequent itching or scratching
• F. stunting - not growing at the normal rate
• G. malignant - usually deeply invasive and often life threatening
• H. benign - usually superficial and not life threatening
• I. etiology - the study of disease
• J. peracute - extremely sudden onset
• K. ischemia - reduction in flow (often related to a blood vessel)
• L. necropsy-dissecting a dead animal to determine cause of death
• M. dehydration - abnormally low amount of water in body with weight loss

38. A systemic disease is spread throughout the body while a local one is limited to a specific location in the body

39. Anorexia means not eating, off feed

40. A dehydrated animal has abnormally low body water and is often accompanied by weight loss.

41. The initial body defenses include skin, mucous lining, cilia, the acidic environment of the stomach, enzymes secreted from the salivary glands, liver and pancreas and phagocytes; examples of secondary body defenses include antibodies and lymphcytes

42. Because without regularly killing microorganisms in a facility, they can reach pathogenic levels and increase the likelihood of cross-contamination

43. See Animal Health and Disease outline

44. If an animal is not eating, the first thing to check is the animal's water supply; often when animals have no access to water, they will stop eating

45. That they are being aggressed by a dominant animal, resulting in lesions and patches of missing fur

46. Isolation

47. Ring tail

48. Pin worms can be common to rodent colonies; they live in the digestive tract of animals, spending most of their time in the cecum and large intestine

49. Mal means abnormal and occlude means to close so malocclusion is the condition in which the upper and lower jaws of an animal are misaligned so they do not close normally; this can result in overgrowth of the teeth if the teeth are open rooted and therefore grow continuously

50. The study of the structure of diseased tissue

51. 10% formalin

52. Dehiscence

53. A hemostat is used to clamp blood vessels to stop the flow of blood; retractors are used to clamp and pull back (retract) tissue

• A. microbiology
• B. hematology
• C. blood chemistry
• D. necropsy
• E. immunoserology
• F. toxicology
• G. teratology
• H. cystocentesis
• I. parasitology - evaluation for the presence of parasites in (endoparasites) or on (ectoparasites) the animal
• J. urinalysis - evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics of urine
• 54. A. microbiology - isolation and identification of microorganisms associated with disease
• B. hematology - the study of blood
• C. blood chemistry - determination of chemical levels in blood
• D. necropsy - the dissecting of a dead animal to determine the cause of death
• E. immunoserology - the measurement of antibody levels in serum
• F. toxicology - the study of substance that are toxic
• G. teratology - the study of substances that cause birth defects
• H. cystocentesis - the removal of urine from the bladder by inserting a needle directly through the skin and into the bladder

55. An anthelmintic is a drug that kills a wide variety of endoparasitic worms (helminths)

56. Yes

57. Acute toxicity tests include the LD50 test and the Draize test

58. PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction and is a procedure that enables a person to detect very small numbers of microorganisms by amplifying the DNA they contain

59. Adjuvants are used to slow down the rate that something injected into an animal is broken down my the animal; CFA stands for Complete Freund's Adjuvant

60. If the animal will be necropsied within 24 hours, the body should be put in a refrigerator

61. Rats, pigeons and cats (and to a lesser extent rhesus monkeys and squirrel monkeys) are the most common animals used in behavioral research

62. Yes

63. The four distinct areas required to do survival surgery on non-rodent mammals are animal prep room, surgeon prep room, surgery room and animal recovery room; rodents or birds or fish do not require these four rooms, they just require a sanitizable surface in an area that while the surgery is occurring, nothing else is happening

64. Aseptic technique consists of using sterile instruments and sterile gloves, prepping the animal with an antiseptic and draping the animal with a sterile drape

65. Animals are fasted prior to anesthesia because most anesthetics make an animal nauseous; by not having food in their stomach, an animal will have less to regurgitate and therefore be less likely to choke

66. To create a gradient of cleanliness in which the area immediately around the incision site is cleanest with the degree of cleanliness decreasing as you get further from that area

67. So they don't dry on the instruments and then become much more difficult to remove

68. A pack wrapped in paper or cloth is considered sterile for 6 months; a pack wrapped in autoclavable plastic is considered sterile for one year.

69. Scrubbing, gowning, gloving

70. Local anesthetics

71. A general anesthetic renders an animal unconscious while a local anesthetic only desensitizes a specific part or area of the body; some commonly used local anesthetics include lidocaine, novocaine, bupivicaine

72. Pinching the toe of an animal is used to assess if the animal is anesthetized; if they are, they should not withdraw their foot when it is pinched

73. Injectable anesthetics

74. Volatile anesthetics; they are administered by allowing vapors from these chemicals to be added to the breathing circuit of an animal

75. Volatile anesthetics are breathed in by the animal; therefore, if an animal is too deeply anesthetized, you can have them breath in a little less; injectable anesthetics are administered usually as a single dose all at once, limiting your ability to modify the depth of anesthesia once you have administered the drug; the advantage of injectable anesthetics is that all that is needed to administer them is a needle and syringe rather than an anesthetic machine

76. Yes

77. Heart rate, respiratory rate, toe pinch response, blood gases (O2 and CO2), mucous membrane color, etc.

78. Analgesics relieve pain; examples of analgesics include aspirin, morphine, fentanyl and oxymorphone

79. An oxygen tank is green and a nitrous oxide tank is blue

80. An antipyretic is a drug that reduces a fever such as acetaminophen

81. IV = intravenous, IM = intramuscular, IP = intraperitoneal, SC = subcutaneous, ID = intradermal, IC = intracardiac

82. A drug administered parenterally is administered into the animal through the skin (i.e. by injection) while an drug administered enterally is administered directly into the digestive system (i.e. by mouth, by gavage (stomach tube), by suppository)

83. Common blood sampling sites include the jugular vein, cephalic vein, saphenous vein, femoral vein, tail vein, etc.

84. A tube with a purple stopper contains EDTA; a tube containing heparin would have a green stopper; a tube without any anticoagulant would have a red stopper; for routine hematology, the blood should be put in a tube with a purple stopper (EDTA)

85. Plasma is the fluid portion of blood that has not clotted and therefore contains clotting factors; serum is the fluid portion of blood that has clotted and therefore the clotting factors are in the clot and not in this fluid; approximately 6-7% of an animal's body weight is blood

86. Birds, reptiles and amphibians have nucleated red blood cells

87. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels are evaluated

88. Packed Cell Volume (PCV) or hematocrit

89. Guinea pigs and rabbits

90. Intravenous (IV) results in the quickest absorption; the slowest would be either subcutaneous (SC) or intradermal (ID). The largest volume can be administered by the SC route.

91. Catheter

92. In the upper thigh

93. Absolutely yes

94. How quickly it gets into the blood stream

95. If you aspirate yellowish fluid when injecting something IP, the tip of the needle is probably in the bladder; if this happens, you should withdraw the needle from the animal, discard it and start over

96. q.i.d. = four time a day; p.r.n. = as circumstances require

97. Usually into a tail vein

98. Blood is approximately 55% watery fluid and 45% blood cells

99. Animals should be kept warm because anesthetics often lower their body temperature; they should be turned from side to side as they are recovering so blood doesn't pool inside their body

100. An endotracheal tube

101. An endotracheal tube can be used to deliver a gas anesthetic, to prevent an animal from inhaling foreign matter such as vomit and to aid in the resuscitation of an animal that is having trouble breathing

102. Panting, restlessness, guarding a part of the body, unusual vocalization, self-mutilation, tooth grinding, lethargy, ataxia, etc.

103. Anesthetic emergencies, sudden illness, dystocia, injury from fighting, flooded cages, trapped animals, etc.

104. Silver nitrate is used to stop bleeding

105. To visualize that the heart and breathing have stopped

106. Because they can hold their breaths for 10-15 minutes

107. Immunocompromised animals require an extremely clean environment free of pathogens

108. Animals can be made immunocompromised by surgically removing the thymus gland, by giving them a drug such as FUDR which suppresses antibody synthesis or by irradiating them which disrupts antibody formation

109. Mice and horses are anatomically unable to vomit

110. Carbon dioxide is the chemical most commonly used to euthanize rodents

111. Rabbit are often used for polyclonal antibody production

112. 2 mls

113. 0.5 grams

114. 20 mls

115. Intradermally (ID)

• A. dogs
• B. monkeys
• C. cats
• D. rabbits
• 116.
• A. dogs - cephalic vein
• B. monkeys - femoral vein
• C. cats - cephalic vein
• D. rabbits - marginal ear vein

117. Yes

118. 25mg/5mls is the same as 5mg/ml and 50mg/5mls is the same as 10mg/ml. For the 25mg/5mls concentration, the ratio of the drug to solution is 5:1

119. Gram staining is a way of staining bacterial cells so you can differentiate bacterial species into two large groups (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) based on the chemical and physical properties of their cell walls. This will help you then know what kind of antibiotic to use to treat them.

120. Morbidity rate is the rate at which a disease causes illness in animals. Mortality rate is the rate at which a disease causes death in animals.

121. Pruritis means frequent itching or scratching

122. The body temperature of animals goes down while they are anesthetized. It is therefore important to monitor their body temperature and provide supplemental heat as needed.

123. Since 40 out of 200 animals died, the mortality rate would be 20%.

124. A 10% bleach solution is one part bleach and nine parts water. So, a 4 liter (which is the same as 4000 mls) would be 400 mls of bleach and 3600 mls of water. That is the same as saying it would be 1/10th bleach and 9/10th water.

125. Sheep get Q-fever and yes, it is zoonotic.

• A. SPF animals
• B. conventional animals
• C. quarantined animals
• 126. You should take care of the SPF animals first and the quarantined animals last.

127. Dehydration

128. Weigh the dog because drug doses are based on the weight of an animals (i.e. mg of drug/ kg of animals)

129. Tuberculosis (TB)

130. Dehydrated animals will usually stop eating, resulting in a decrease in feces production. Their faces will appear gaunt, with their eyes in particular appearing very sunken.

131. The health certificate states that the animal has been evaluated by a veterinarian and found to be healthy. The certificate must be signed by a veterinarian.

132. 4% of 100kg is 4 kg

133. Hypothermia (low body temperature)

134. Mosquito

135.Fleas