Income-Oriented Approach

entitlements are commodities or services which a person can own or command. Focusing too much on commodities and basic needs distracts from non-market ends as people desire things than mere survival or substinence. Non- market ends e.g. cultural identity, social integration and dignity which may be important to people's welfare are not included in assessments that solely use entitlements as a measure of welfare. 

Using income as a welfare measurement assumes that income is the only way through which people can acquire their basic needs. But this is not the case as income is only one means of acquiring basic needs. Food can be produced by people. 

• 1. poverty line itself
• 2. doesn't work for the poorest of the poor
• 3. assumes income will be spent on basic needs
• 4. assumes all basic needs are acquired through income

people may buy cigarettes/ alcohol with income

• the poverty line is lowered and its standards are changed constantly
• there is a reduced standards for food in the menu
• food is replaced with cheaper food
• it gives the impression that poverty is less serious

• the non-food needs should be included:
• to meet standards for other basic needs such as education, clothing, med care, transportation

...so that we will be able to see that the non-food needs are not being met

At times, the poorest of the poor are unemployable. They are unqualified for the jobs that might be provided so the only available work would be hard, unpaid labor. As a result, they would be given consumption and welfare transfers. E.g. CCT wherein there are conditions to get avail for basic needs and services such as immunization, education, weight checks. They become reliable on the government.

better education and health