-
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, **helps produce Vitamin D**
-
What composes the integumentary system?
- Skin
- hair
- nails
- Sweat glands
-
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat.
-
What composes the skeletal system?
- Bones
- Associated cartliages
- ligaments
- joints
-
What is the function of the muscular system?
produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
-
The muscular system consists of.....
- muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
- (ex: Temporalis, Pectoralis Major, Sartorius, Gastrocnemius, Rectus Abdominis, Biceps Brachii, Quadriceps Femoris)
-
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs fats from digestive tract
-
What makes up the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs (such as: tonsils, thymus, cervical lymph node, axillary lymph node, mammary plexus, thoracic duct, spleen, lymphatic vessel, inguinal lymph node)
-
What is the function of the respiratory system?
- **Gas exchange**
- exchanges O2 and CO2 between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
-
What makes up the respiratory system?
- Lungs
- nasal cavity
- nose
- pharynx (throat)
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
-
What is the function of the digestive system?
perfroms the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
-
What makes up the digestive system?
- Pharynx
- Oral cavity
- salivary glands
- Esophagus
- stomach
- liver
- pancreas
- small intestine
- large intestine
- liver
- gall bladder
- appendix
- rectum
- anus
-
What is the function of the nervous system?
a major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
-
What makes up the nervous system?
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- nerves
- sensory receptors
- cauda equina
-
What is the function of the endocrine system?
a major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
-
What composes the endocrine system?
- Hypothalamus
- pituitary
- pineal gland
- thyroid
- parathyroids
- thymus
- adrenals
- pancreas
- ovaries (females)
- testes (males)
-
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature
-
What makes up the cardiovascular system?
- carotid artery
- superior vena cava
- jugular vein
- heart
- pulmonary trunk
- brachial artery
- inferior vena cava
- aorta
- femoral artery & vein
-
What is the function of the urinary system?
removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
-
What is the urinary system composed of?
- Kidney
- ureter
- urinary bladder
- urethra
-
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviours
-
What composes the female reproductive system?
- Mammary gland
- uterine tube
- ovary
- uterus
- vagina
-
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviours
-
What composes the male reproductive system?
- seminal vesicle
- ductus deferens
- prostate gland
- testis
- epididymis
- penis
-
What are the levels of organization for the human body?
Atoms -> molecules -> cells -> tissues -> organ -> organ system -> organism
-
What is the definition of anatomy?
scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure
-
What is the definition of physiology?
scientific investigation of the processes/function of living things
-
R U N M R S L I D E C
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Nervous
- Muscular
- Reproductive
- Skeletal
- Lymphatic
- Integumentary
- Digestive
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
-
What are tissues?
A group of cells with the same function
-
What are the 6 characteristics of life?
- 1. Organization
- 2. Metabolism
- 3. Responsiveness
- 4. Growth
- 5. Development
- 6. Reproduction
-
What is organization in the characteristics of life?
Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
-
What is metabolism in the characteristics of life?
All chemical reactions of the body
-
What is responsiveness in the characteristics of life?
Ability to sense changes and adjust
-
What is growth in the characteristics of life?
Increase in size and/or number of cells
-
What is development in the characteristics of life?
- Changes in an organism over time; 2 kinds
- differentiation- change from general to specific (ex: cells to embryo to fetus)
- morphogenesis- change in shape of tissues and organs (ex: puberty)
-
What is reproduction in the characteristics of life?
New cells or organisms
-
What are the 3 parts to a feedback system?
- 1. Receptor
- 2. Control Center
- 3. Effector
-
What is the job of the receptor in a feedback system?
to sense/detect
-
What is the job of the control center in a feedback system?
it watches the set point and gives direction
-
What is the job of the effector in a feedback system?
to cause action
-
What is a stimulus?
deviation from the set point, detected by receptor
-
What is a response?
it is produced by the effector
-
Name the 3 parts of negative feedback:
- reverses deviation
- returns to normal range
- restores function
-
negative feedback = __________
homeostasis
-
What are 3 examples of negative feedback?
- Blood glucose
- Blood pH
- Body temperature
-
Positive feedback makes.....?
deviation from the set point greater
-
Give an example of positive feedback
childbirth
-
Is negative feedback good or bad? Is positive feedback good or bad?
- Negative = good
- Postive = bad
-
**Random** What are baroreceptors?
receptors inside blood vessels
-
What is the standard anatomical position?
Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms up
-
Mid-sagittal means....
Perfect line in the middle
-
Para-sagittal means....
more to either the left or right, not in the middle
-
Cavities.....
Enclose something (organs)
-
The dorsal cavity contains..
the brain and spinal cord
-
The ventral cavity...
Encloses organs in the trunk
-
Serous membranes with fluids means....
reduced friction
-
-
-
-
What are the major elements that make up organic molecules?
-
The smallest unit with its own property is ____
the atom
-
What are isotopes?
When we don't have the same number of protons and electrons in an atom
-
Ionic bonding means
exchanging electrons
-
Covalent bonding means
sharing electrons
-
Cations are
positively charged ions
-
Anions are
negatively charged ions
-
Single covalent bond:
2 atoms share one pair of electrons
-
Double covalent bond:
2 atoms share four electrons
-
Nonpolar covalent bond:
electrons shared equally
-
H2O is
a polar molecule; oxygen is slightly negative
-
Hydrogen bonds do NOT form new molecules, instead they _____
bring molecules together
-
What is metabolism?
a chemical reaction that either builds or degrades
-
Anabolic reactions = ____
build
-
Examples of anabolic reactions:
dehydration synthesis, photosynthesis
-
Catabolic reations = ______
degrade
-
Examples of catabolic reactions:
hydrolysis, cellular respiration
-
-
-
What are catalysts?
increase the rate of chemical reactions
-
What is activation energy?
minimum energy reactants must have to start a chemical reaction
-
Name 8 characteristics of enzymes:
- Speed up reactants (catalysts)
- proteins
- specific to what they bind
- can be altered/denatured
- active site to bind
- re-usable
- sometimes need cofactors
- lower activation energy
-
Water has adhesive properties, meaning...?
it likes to stick to other molecules
-
Water also has cohesive properties, meaning...?
water likes to stick to water
-
What is the pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
-
What is 0 on the pH scale?
the most acidic, it has more H+
-
What is 14 on the pH scale?
The most basic, it has more OH-
-
What is the most acidic compound?
HCl
-
What is the most basic compound?
NaOH
-
What does a buffer have the ability to do?
resist changes
-
What are macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
-
Amino acids are..?
The building blocks of proteins
-
Most of the volume of an atom is occupied by the.....?
electrons
-
Name 4 characteristics of the plasma membrane:
- Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails hold it together (2 layers)
- Integral proteins going through it (cholesterol)
- Selectively permeable
- Phospholipid bilayer
-
What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?
Structures in membrane always moving
-
What is diffusion?
When a substance goes from an area of high concentration to low concentration
-
Name the 4 characteristics of molecules that can go through simple diffusion
- Small
- Non-ionized
- Non-polar
- Lipophilic
-
What is the basic structure of the eukaryotic cell?
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm containing organelles
- Nucleus
-
What is the plasma membrane?
separation of intracellular v. extracellular materials inside of membrane has slightly negative charge
-
Name the two types of membrane proteins:
- integral/intrinsic
- peripheral/extrinsic
-
What are integral/intrinsic proteins?
Extend deeply into membrane, often extending from one surface to the other; can form channels through the membrane
-
What are peripheral/extrinsic proteins?
attached to integral/intrinsic proteins at either the inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer
-
What are marker molecules?
- Glycoproteins & glycolipids:
- allows cells to identify one another or other molecules
- (immunity, intercellular communication, recognition of oocyte by sperm cell)
-
What are cadherins?
proteins that attach to other cells
-
What are integrins?
proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules
-
What are transport proteins?
- integral proteins that allow ions or molecules to move from one side of the plasma membrane to the other; include channel proteins, carrier proteins, and ATP-powered pumps;
- are specific to the molecules they allow to pass through
-
Name the 3 types of channel proteins:
- non-gated ion channels
- ligand gated ion channels
- voltage gated ion channels
-
Non-gated ion channels are...?
- always open, specific.
- Ex: Ca2+ ion channel
-
Ligand gated ion channels are...?
only open when it binds to a specific molecule
-
Voltage gated ion channels are...?
need electrical charge to open
-
Carrier proteins/ transporters are...?
- rate limited
- integral proteins: move ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other
-
What are uniporters?
moves one particle
-
What are symporters?
moves 2 particles in the same direction at the same time
-
What are antiporters?
moves 2 particles in different directions at the same time
-
What are receptor proteins?
function as binding sites for chemical signals in the extracellular fluid; binding of chemical signals to receptors triggers cellular responses
-
NaK pump needs _______ to transport Na+ ________ the concentration gradient
-
Na+ ligated channels need _______ to open the door, but it can't go through
Acetylcholine
-
**Cystic Fibrosis is an F- channel.....
mess up
-
GPCR use..
a ligand, then use intercellular
-
What are the 3 subunits of G-protein complexes?
-
A G-protein complex will only associate with a receptor that has a _____ signal bound to it. In its _______ state, the alpha subunit of the G-protein complex has __________ diphosphate (GDP) attached to it.
- Chemical
- Unassociated
- Guanosine
-
In a G-protein complex, the activated alpha subunit can stimulate a cell response in at least 3 ways:
- by means of intracellular chemical signals
- by the opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane
- by the activation of enzymes associated with the plasma membrane
-
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
the outer boundary of cells; controls the entry & exit of substances; receptor proteins function in intercellular communication; marker molecules enable cells to recognize one another
-
Studying structural changes from conception to adulthood is called
developmental anatomy
-
Embryology is the study of
conception to the 8th week
-
The study of cellular structure is referred to as
cytology
-
a histologist studies the anatomical structure of
tissues
-
Gross anatomy refers to
study of structures that can be seen without a microscope
-
Studying one body system at a time is
systematic anatomy
-
Studying all structures contained in the arm (for example) is
regional anatomy
-
Surface anatomy refers to
the study of the external form of the body in relation to deeper structures
-
Creating pictures of internal body structures is called
anatomical imaging
-
A cell physiologist would study
the processes occurring in cells
-
Studying how the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines function together to digest food would be an example of
systemic physiology
-
Basic components are
atoms
-
Basic components are joined together to form
molecules
-
What are the 4 basic types of tissue?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscular
- Nervous
-
Metabolism is the
organisms ability to break down molecules
-
Responsiveness is
sensing changes in the environment and adjusting to those changes
-
If you lay down on your back you are
supine
-
If you lay down on your stomach you are
Prone
-
The proper anatomical term for up is
superior
-
The proper anatomical term for down is
inferior
-
The proper anatomical term for front is
anterior
-
The proper anatomical term for back is
posterior
-
The term cephalic is synonymous with
superior
-
The term caudal is synonymous with
inferior
-
In humans, the term ventral surface refers to
the belly
-
In humans, the term dorsal surface refers to
the back
-
The end of a structure nearer the point of origin is
proximal
-
The end of a structure farther from the point of origin is
distal
-
A structure closer to the midline of the body is said to be
medial
-
A structure farther from the midline of the body is said to be
lateral
-
Structures near the body surface are referred to as
superficial
-
Structures that are in the interior of the body are said to be
deep
-
Name the 4 quadrants of the abdomen
1 _|_ 2
3 | 4
- 1. Right upper quad.
- 2. Left upper quad.
- 3. Right lower quad.
- 4. Left lower quad.
-
Name the 9 regions of the abdomen
1_|_2_|_3
4_|_5_|_6
7_|_8_|_9
- 1. Right hypochondriac
- 2. Epigastric
- 3. Left hypochondriac
- 4. Right lumbar
- 5. Umbillical
- 6. Left lumbar
- 7. Right iliac
- 8. Hypogastric
- 9. Left iliac
-
What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
Transverse
-
What vertical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Frontal
-
Cutting through the long axis of an organ creates
a longitudinal section
-
Cutting at right angles to the long axis of an organ creates a
transverse section
-
An oblique section is created by a cut made
across the long axis at other than a right angle
-
Where is the thoracic cavity located?
surrounded by the rib cage
-
What is the median portion of the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
-
On either side of the median portion in the thoracic cavity are found the
lungs
-
The abdominal cavity is enclosed by the
abdominal muscles
-
The abdominal cavity contains the
- stomach
- liver
- intestines
- kidneys
- spleen
- pancreas
-
The pelvic cavity is enclosed by
the pelvic bones
-
The pelvic cavity contains the
- urinary bladder
- internal reproductive organs
-
Serous membranes are found in...
trunk cavities and within organs
-
Visceral serous membranes will be found
covering the organ
-
Parietal serous membranes will be found
on the wall/ outer part of the organ
-
Between serous membranes is serous fluid which
reduces friction
-
The pericardial cavity is found
surrounding the heart
-
The pleural cavity is found
surrounding the lungs
-
The peritoneal cavity is found
surrounding the abdominal cavity
-
Mesenteries are composed of 2 layers of
peritoneums fused together
-
Mesenteries connect to the
visceral peritoneums
-
Functionally, mesenteries anchor organs to the body wall and provide....
a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach organs
-
Organs that are directly attached to the body wall and covered only with a parietal peritoneum are referred to as being...
retroperitoneal
-
Mass represents
the amount of matter
-
Weight is
caused by the gravitational force acting on mass
-
How many pounds in a kilogram?
2.2lbs
-
How many grams in a kilogram?
1g
-
Isotopes are
2 or more of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of nuetrons
-
An atom that lost or gained an electron is called
an ion
-
A positively charged ion is referred to as
a cation
-
A negatively charged ion is referred to as
an anion
-
Hydrogen bonds result when a positive charged
hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged O,N, or F
-
Hydrogen bonds play the important role of determining
the shape of complex molecules
-
Mechanical energy results from
the position or movement of objects
-
Heat energy is energy that
flows between objects that are at a different temperature
-
The activation energy is the minimum
amount of energy that reactants must have to start a chemical reaction
-
Water acts as a lubricant by preventing
friction
-
Water acts as a cushion by preventing
trauma
-
Water is produced in a
dehydration synthesis reaction
-
Water is required in a
hydrolysis decomposition reaction
-
A mixture of materials that separate from each other when the mixing stops are a part of a
suspension
-
What is a colloid?
A mix in which a dispersed substance is distributed throughout a dispersing substance
-
Osmoles express the number
of particles in a solution
-
Osmolality represents the number, not
type, of particles in a solution
-
An oxygen molecule consists of 2 Oxygen atoms bonded together by a
double covalent bond
-
Carbohydrates are composed of
-
For every 1 atom in a carbohydrate there are 2
hydrogen atoms
-
Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide
energy
-
What are 5-carbon monosaccharides?
Pentoses
-
Hexoses are
6-carbon monosaccharides
-
Isomers are molecules with
the same number and type of atom, but different 3D arrangements
-
Dissacharides are formed by
2 simple sugars bound together through s dehydration reaction
-
Polysaccharides consist of
many monosaccharides bound together to form long chains that are either straight or bent
-
Lipids are composed of what 3 things?
-
Lipids provide
protection and insulation
-
The phospholipid side with phosphate on the end is
polar
-
Steroids are carbon atoms bound together into
4 ring like structures
-
-
Some proteins can also contain (4):
- sulfur
- phosphorous
- iron
- iodine
-
Covalent bonds between amino acids are called
peptide bonds
-
How many structural levels are there to a protein?
4
-
Nucleic acids are composed of
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- phosphate
-
ATP stores what kind of energy?
potential
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