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What are some clinical symptoms of cerebral cortex disease?
- Change in mentation
- +/- blindness
- circling
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What are some clinical symptoms of brain stem disease?
- CN deficits
- Circling
- Head tilt
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What are some clinical symptoms of cerebellar disease?
- Intention tremors
- Hypermetria / dysmetria
- Incoordination
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What are some clinical symptoms of spinal cord disease?
- Ataxia
- Spinal reflexes (increased or decreased depending on location)
- Paralysis / paresis
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What are some clinical symptoms of peripheral nerve disease?
- Muscle tone
- Muscle atrophy
- Paralysis / paresis
- Absence of spinal reflexes
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What are the common brain stem diseases in ruminants?
- Listeriosis
- Otitis media / interna (M. bovis, P. multocida, H. somni, C. pseudotuberculosis, T. pyogenes)
- TEME (H. somni)
- Brain or pituitary abscess
- Meningeal worm (more often spinal cord)
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What are the common brainstem diseases in pigs?
Otitis media / interna (P. multocida, S. suis, H. suis, T. pyogenes)
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What are the common cerebral diseases in ruminants?
- Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)
- TEME
- Nervous ketosis
- Nervous coccidosis
- Pregnancy toxemia
- HypoMg
- BSE
- Scrapie
- Rabies
- VitA deficiency
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What are the common cerebellar diseases in ruminants?
Cerebellar hypoplasia (BVDV type 2)
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What are the common spinal cod diseases in ruminants?
- Tetanus
- Enzootic ataxia
- Meningeal worm
- Lymphosarcoma
- CAE
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What are the common cerebral diseases in pigs?
- Strep meningitis
- Glasser’s (H. parasuis)
- Edema disease (E. coli)
- HyperNa
- Pseudorabies
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In which pigs are clinical symptoms of cortical disease seen?
Nursery
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What is the mechanism of polioencephalomalacia (CCN)?
Altered thiamine metabolism
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What are some causes of CCN?
- Pb poisoning
- Lactic acidosis (e.g. grain overload)
- HyperNa
- Bracken fern toxicity
- Sulfur intoxication
- Amprolium intoxication
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What is the normal pentose phosphate pathway?
- Glucose is used to make ATP by the rate limiting enzyme VitB1 dependent transketolase
- The ATP is used to maintain 3Na+/2K+ pumps on the cell membrane
- Most affected are nervous tissue cells and RBCs
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Where do ruminants normally get thiamine?
Rumen microbes
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What are the clinical symptoms of CCN in ruminants?
- Symmetrical CS
- Change in mentation
- Head pressing
- Stargazing
- Central blindess
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What does a CSF analysis of CCN in ruminants show?
Increased protein, monocytes (unless it’s a pig with hyperNa)
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What does a CSF analysis of a pig with hyperNa show?
Eosinophilia
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What does gross pathology of CCN show?
- Diffuse cerebral edema
- Cerebellum pushed back to magnum foramen
- Wood’s Lamp shows fluorescence in gray and white cerebral cortex
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Why do ruminants get Pb poisoning?
- Calves are curious, esp after weaning
- May have mineral deficiency
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What is the mechanism of Pb poisoning?
The Pb binds sulfhydryl groups esp on RBCs
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What are the clinical symptoms of Pb poisoning?
- Cortical signs like bellowing, mania, seizures
- Cortically blind
- CCN
- Mild anemia
- Diarrhea
- Death from respiratory paralysis
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How is Pb poisoning dx?
- Heparinized blood sample
- Tissue samples (liver and kidney)
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What is the txt for Pb poisoning?
- Give thiamine
- CaEDTA to chelate Pb in tissues, excreted by kidney
- Cathartics e.g. MgSO4
- Diazepam
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What does an increase in rumen lactic acid cause, and why?
- Rumenitis
- Metabolic acidosis (if severe)
- Dehydration (water is pulled into the rumen)
- Bloat (CHOs are fermented)
- Endotoxemia (no more g-)
- CCN (no more thiamine)
- Liver abscess (F. necrophorum gains access to the portal v.)
- Caval syndrome (F. necrophorum causes lung abscesses and death)
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How does lactic acidosis occur in a ruminant?
- Ingestion of high CHO
- The microflora shift to be more g+
- Strep/ bovis proliferates
- VFAs increase
- Rumen pH decreases
- G- bacteria and protozoa die
- Lactobacillus proliferates
- Lactic acid increases in the rumen
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