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What is pathophysiology?
study & diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
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What is the goal of pathophysiology?
to reveal physiologic responses of an organism to disruptions in its internal or external environment
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What is pathophysiology studied in terms of common/classic presentations of disorders?
common and expected responses allow us to make general predictions of progression, identification of causes, and selection of interventions
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Physiology exams disturbances of normal ____, ______, and ______ functions caused by a disease, syndrome, or abnormal function.
mechanical, physical, and biochemical
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What are the 4 interrelated topics included in pathophysiology?
etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment implications
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Etiology?
study of the causes or reasons for phenomena
identification of causal factors that provoke a particular disease of injury
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What is an idiopathic disease?
a disease where the cause is unknown
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Iatrogenic condition?
the cause of the condition is an unintended or unwated medical treatment
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Risk factor?
the link between an etiologic factor and development of a disease is not certain, but it increases the probability of the disease occurring
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What is the usefulness of identifying risk factors for a condition?
prevention
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When is it possible to call a factor the "cause" of a condition
when a disease cannot occur without that factor
EX: pathogens
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pathogenesis?
the progression of a disease from the initial stimulus to the end expression of manifestations of the disease
description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to development of clinical manifestations that may be observed for that disorder/disease
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What are signs of a disease?
How are signs gathered?
objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed
examination, tests
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What are symptoms?
subjective feelings of an abnormality in the body that can only be reported by the affected individual to an observer
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Nausea is a subjective manifestation called a _______, and vomiting is an objective manifestation called a ______.
symptom
sign
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When the etiology of a particular set of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined, the disorder may be termed a ______.
syndrome
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What is the latent period of a disease?
What is it called when an infectious agent is involved?
the interval b/t exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms
incubation period
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What is the prodromal period?
What are these signs and symptoms usually like?
time when signs and symptoms first appear
nonspecific
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What is the acute stage of illness?
disease reaches full intensity & S/S are worst
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What is a silent period or latent period in a disease?
the S/S of an illness become mild or disappear for a time during the course of an illness
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If an organ is damaged by a disease why may S/S of this damage not occur until there is a lot of damage?
the structure and function of many organs provide a large reserve so that functional impairment may become evident only when organ damage has become advanced
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A ______ condition has relatively severe manifestations but runs a short course measured in hours, days, or a few weeks.
acute
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A ______ condition lasts for months to years and may begin with an acute phase and become prolonged when the body is unable to overcome a stressor.
chronic
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What is an exacerbation?
relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs and symptoms
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What is a remission?
absence or decline in severity of the S/S of a disease
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When is a person said to be cured?
when a remission is permanent/ longer than 5 years
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______ is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
convalescence
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The ______ of an inflammatory process might be scarring and of acute rheumatic inflammation of the heart might be scarring and deformation of cardiac valves.
sequela - pathologic condition that results from a disease
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What is a complication of a disease?
a new or separate process that may arise secondarily b/c of some change produced by the original problem
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Why is understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical consequences of a particular disorder helpful?
suggests interventions for that condition
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How do we determine if a certain finding indicates a disease?
compare it to "normal" findings
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How should the nurse determine if a pt BP of 90/70 could indicate a problem?
compare it to the pt baseline BP
the pt change in data is more significant than how the data compares to norms
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What is validity/acuracy?
degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of the object it is intended to measure
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What is reliability/precision?
ability of a test to give the same result in repeated measurements
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What is the predictive value of a test?
the extent to which the test can differnetiate between the presence of absence of a condition in an individual
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What is the positive predictive value?
estimate of the probability that disease is present if the test is positive
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What is negative predictive value?
an estimate of the probability that disease is absent if the test is negative
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The predictive value ofa test depends upon the ____ & ____ of the test and upon what?
- sensitivity and specificity of the test
- probability of the disease being present before the test is obtained
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Sensitivity and specificity are measures of what?
how well a given test can discriminate between persons with and without a given condition
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_____ is the probability that the test will be positive when applied to a person with the condition.
sensitivity
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What does it mean if a test has a sensitivity of 80%
20% of a group of ppl taking the test will test negative for it even though they have the condition
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_______ is the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person who does not have a given condition.
specificity
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What does it mean if a test has a specificity of 95%?
5% of ppl being tested will test positive for the condition even though they don't have it
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If a test has a high sensitivity and specificity rate what can still cause it to give faulty results?
testing ppl with a low probability of having the condition in the first place
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Why are trends and changes in a particular individual more reliable than single observations?
because they are based on the individuals baseline data and not on norms
norms are different based on age, gender, culture, etc
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Why might a person need to know what time of day a test was done?
some factors vary according to circadian rhythm
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2 reasons why knowing differences among individuals can be helpful?
determining disease they are susceptible to and their reactions to diseases the contract
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epidemiology?
the study of patterns of disease involving aggregates of ppl
examines the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of ppl or populations
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A disease that is native to a local region is called an ____ disease.
endemic
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If a disease is caught by many individuals a the same time the situation is called an ______.
epidemic
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______ are epidemics taht affect large geographic regions
pandemics
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5 principal factors affecting patterns of disease in human populations?
- 1. age
- 2. ethnic group
- 3. gender
- 4. socioeconomic factors and lifestyle considerations
- 5. geographic location
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The changes in function that occur during the early years of life are called ______ processes.
developmental
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The changes in function that occur during maturity and postmaturity are called _____ process.
aging
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What is gerontology?
the study of aging processes and other changes that occur during post-maturity
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Differences in the occurence of certain disease states in ethnic groups may be due to _____ or ______.
genetics or location
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Why is it important to recognize the diversity in disease risk by racial or ethnic groups?
aids in diagnosis, prevention, and management of conditions
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CDC?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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_____ is the leading cause of hospital infections and is now resistant to 95% of first-choice antibiotics and 30% of second-choice antibiotics.
staphylococcus
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_____ is considered the main source for infections acquired during hospitalizations.
poor hygiene
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What is an effective way to change lifestyle patterns of a pt that contribute to disease?
education
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WHO
World Health Organization
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NIH
National Institutes of Health
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WHO definition of health?
complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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What are the 3 levels of prevention that treatment implications fall into?
primary, secondary, and tertiary
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Primary prevention?
prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals
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Secondary prevention?
the early detection, screening, and management of the disease
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When will secondary prevention help?
only in early disease - preclinical and clinical stages
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Tertiary prevention?
When is it appropriate?
rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning
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Immunizations, safety precautions and improvements in the environment and lifestyle of a person are examples of ________ prevention.
primary
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Yearly physical exams and routine screeening are examples of ______ prevention.
secondary, because they lead to early detection
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amniocentesis?
removing a small amount of fluid from the amniotic sac that surrounds the fetus and anlayzing the cells and chemicals in the fluid
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What is the difference between primary and secondary prevention?
primary prevention are things that are done to actually prevent a condition or trauma, and secondary prevention are measures that are taken so that a condition will be detected and dealt with early if it is found
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Once a disease becomes established treatment falls into one of the what 2 major categories?
medical and surgical
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