A&P I test 1

The human body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward.

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic/Immune
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

• Major components:
• Epidermal and dermal regions
• cutaneous sense organs and glands
• Function:
• Protects organs from mechanical, chemical and bacterial injury and desiccation(drying out)

• Major components:  Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, joints.
• Function:  Body support and protection of internal organs, provides levers for muscular action, cavities provide a site for blood formation.

• Major components:  Muscles attached to the skeleton.
• Function:  Contract or shorten, in doing so, skeletal muscles allow locomotion, grasping and manipulation of the environment and facial expression, generates heat.

• Major components:  Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors.
• Function:  Allows body to detect changes in inernal and external environment and response by activating appropriate muscles or glands, helps maintain homeostasis of the body by rapid transmission of electrical signals.

• Major components:  Pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands, ovaries, testes and pancreas.
• Function:  Helps maintain body homeostasis, promotes growth and development, produces hormones that travel in the blood to exert effect on various organs of the body.

• Major components:  Heart, blood vessels, blood.
• Function:  Transport system carrying blood containing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ions, hormones and other substances to and from tissue cells, antibodies and other protein molecules in the blood protect the body.

• Major components:  Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils,lymphoid tissue.
• Function:  Returns leaked fluid to the blood, cleans blood of pathogens and other debris, Houses lymphocytes that act via immune response to protect body from antigens.

• Major functions:  Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
• Function:  Keep blood supplied with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, contributes to acid-base balance of blood via carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

• Major components:  Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas.
• Functions: Breaks down food to particles, which can be absorbed into the blood for delivery to cells, undigested residue removed as feces.

• Major components:  Kidneys, ureter,s bladder, urethra.
• Functions:  Rids body of nitrogen-containing wastes, maintains water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood, provides germ cells for perpetuation of species.

Major components:  Male - testes, prostrate gland, scrotum, penis and duct system to carry sperm; Female - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, vagina.

• Medial - toward the midline
• Laterial - away from the midline

• Cephalad - toward the head
• Caudal - toward the tail
• same as superior/inferior in humans
• same as anterior/posterior in 4-legged animals

• Dorsal - backside
• Ventral - belly side
• Used chiefly for animals

• Proximal - nearer the trunk or attached end
• Distal - Farther from the trunk or point of attachment
• Used for limbs

Runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts

• Also called the coronal plane
• Divides the body into anterior/posterior parts

Runs horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

• Dorsal - cranial, vertebral
• Ventral - Thoracic (heart and lungs), abdominopelvic (4 quadrent system)

Head, neck, and trunk

Forearm

Anterior surface of the elbow

Armpit

Arm

Cheek

Wrist

Neck region

Hip

Leg

Fingers or toes

Thigh

Side of the leg

Forehead

Big toe

Groin

Breast

Chin

Nose

Bony eye socket

Palm of the hand

Anterior knee (kneecap)

foot

Thumb

Breastbone

Ankle

Chest

Shoulder

Heel of the foot

Head

Back

Back between the ribs and hips; the loin

Hand

Posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull.

Postertior aspect of the elbow.

Ear

Region between the anus and external genitalia.

Sole of the foot.

Back of the knee.

Region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)

Scapula or shoulder blade.

Calf or posterior surface of the leg.

Spinal column.

• 1. Chemical level - Atoms combine to form molecules.
• 2. Cellular level - Cells are made up of molecules.
• 3. Tissue level - Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
• 4. Organ level - Organs made up of different tissue types.
• 5. Organ system level - different organs that work closely together.
• 6. Organismal level - many organ systems together.

Function also reflects structure.

• Integumentary protects whole body from esternal environment.
• Digestive and respiratory take in nutrients and oxygen which are then distributed to body cells by blood.
• Urinary and respiratory systems elimate metabolic wastes.

Unchanging - organ systems work together to maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

• Stimulus - variable that changes
• Sensor or receptor - senses stimulus and relays to control center (via afferent)
• Control center - Makes decision and sends out a command via efferent
• Effector that produces the response - brings about response.

• Negative feedback - brings things back to balance, in the opposite direction of the stimulus, most common.
• Positive feedback - Effect in same direction as stimulus, bring about explosive rapid change, requires a way to stop the process, not common, i.e. labor.

To allow organs to slide over each other without friction.

• Parietal lines the cavity walls.
• Visceral covers the organs in the cavity.