-
Pain that seems superficial but is actually caused by an underlying organ is...
referred pain
-
Olfactory tract carries...
smell
-
How many openings in middle ear?
4
-
Not a primary taste sensation?
spicy
-
Movement of hair in organ of Corti against membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition.
tectorial
-
What structure is not part of the external ear?
Eustachian tube
-
Impulses travel from inner ear to brain stem by way of...
cochlear nerve
-
Semicircular canals are in planes of the body
three
-
What sensory impulses trigger imprecise or "crude" sensation awareness?
Thalmus
-
2 point discrimination test can be used to measure...
sensitivity of skin in various parts of body
-
What receptors stimulate thirst center?
Osmoreceptors
-
Another name for bulbous corpuscle?
Ruffini corpuscle
-
Internal layer of heart tissue...
endocardium
-
Cavity that has thickest wall...
left ventricle
-
Blood vessel tissue layers from exterior to interior...
tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima
-
Smooth muscle in blood vessels is located in the...
tunica media
-
What acts as blood reservoirs?
veins
-
blood from stomach and intestines goes to liver thru...
hepatic portal vein
-
Pulm and aortic valves are called...
semilunar valves
-
"normal" boundaries are not influenced by...
gender
-
What are not true of ventricles?
They are all true of ventricles
-
If damaged, which valve could allow blood to leak back into right atrium?
Tricuspid
-
Cuspid valves open into...
ventricles
-
An impulse to contract would be carried in what sequence?
SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, and AV bundles
-
After birth the ductus venosus closes and ...
allows blood ti flow into liver
-
Baby has bluish tinge, sounds like leakage between right and left atria. What's wrong and how do you fix this?
Foramen Ovale not closed, may take up to 9 months to heal
-
What will not cause ectopic beat?
SA node
-
QRS represents...
repolarization of atria and depolarization of ventricles
-
What will not increase heart rate?
stimulation of cold receptors in skin
-
When semilunar valves are open, what occurs?
- AV valves are closed, Ventricles in systole, blood enters aorta, blood enters pulm artery
- (2,3,5,6)
-
First sound (lub) is caused by...
ventricles contracting and AV valves closing
-
Artery in arm for measuring BP?
Brachial
-
What part of QRS represent atria repolarization?
none of the above
-
True or False? Stimulation of vagus nerve slows heart rate.
True
-
What is not part of vasomotor control mechanism?
Sympathetic stimulation of heart to increase cardiac output
-
Atrial systole causes blood to...
move thru cuspid valves
-
What is not a way venous blood returns to heart?
contraction of semilunar valves in vein
-
Period between semilunar valve closure and opening of AV valves is called...
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
-
Period of time blood is moved out of atria into ventricles is called...
atrial systole
-
circulatory shock from infectious agents is called...
septic shock
-
circulatory shock from drop in amt of blood is called...
hypovolemic shock
-
What would cause fluid to leave blood vessel at arterial end?
high hydrostatic pressure of blood
-
Most numerous type of phagocyte...
neutrophil
-
Constant region of light chain in antibody consists of...
106 aminon acids
-
An immunoglobulin (antibody molecule) consists of...
2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains
-
What does not describe phagocytosis?
Major component of body's 3rd line of defense
-
Antibody produced after inital contact with antigen is...
IgM
-
Antibody associated with allergic reactions is...
IgE
-
According to clonal selection theory, antigens select lymphocyte clones by...
the shape of receptors on lymphocyte's plasma membrane
-
What can activate complement?
Properdin
-
Part of antibody that combines with antigen is...
variable region
-
What cells are not involved in nonspecific immunity?
lymphocytes
-
macrophages sensitize...
T cells
-
Immune system's ability to attack foreign bodies but spare our cells is called...
self-tolerance
-
What substance can destroy pathogens by chemically hydrolyzing them?
enzymes
-
What is not part of the inflammation response?
Formation of antibodies
-
When an antigen attaches to a naive B cell, it becomes...
all the above. (memory, plasma, effector B)
-
In first stage, B cells are not known by...
effector B cells
-
If blood test said there were high IgM antibodies, it could mean...
person's body is responding to intial exposure to antigen
-
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an example of...
autoimmune condition that is caused by self- antigens being attacked
-
HIV damages the immune system by...
invading T cells
-
Leukemia patient was exposed to chickenpox and her doctor prescribed interferon. Why?
It could inhibit chickenpox from developing
-
What is not used for parenteral administration?
by mouth
-
Parenteral solutions are given to...
do all the above
-
Abnormal condtions that cause fluid and electrolyte output to exceed input do not include...
drinking liquids too fast
-
The first thing that happens when adrenal cortex is stimulated to increase secretion of aldosterone is...
increase kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium
-
Juxtaglomerular cerlls are located...
in kidney
-
What pairs are almost identical chemically?
Plasma and interstitual fluid
-
Per Starling's law, what is the greatest pressure at arterial end of capillaries?
bllod hydrostatic pressure
-
Edema is abnormally larg amt of fluid in...
intercellular spaces
-
If 2 electrodes with a weak charge were placed in a NaCl solution, the negative electrode would attract...
cations
-
If 2 electrodes w/ a weak current were placed in a NaCl solution, the positive electrode would attract...
anions and chloride ions
-
With an equal milligram percent in solution, calcium would have than potassium.
not enough info is given
-
Which 2 forces tent to move fluid out of blood vessels?
blood hydrostatic pressure adn interstitual fluid colloid pressure
-
What is not true of NaCl?
It has the same type of bonds as glucose
-
The subfornical organ is located...
roof of third ventricle of brain
-
The regulation of acid-base balance in the body fluids refers to control of...
hydrogen ion concentration
-
Which will have the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions?
pH 2
-
The most acidic substance in body is...
stomach acid
-
Solution with pH of 7 would contain times the number of hydrogen ions as a solution with a pH of 8
10
-
Ketone bodies are associated with cellular metabolism of...
fats
-
What is classified as an acid-forming food?
meat, eggs, poultry
-
normal pH range for blood is...
7.36 to 7.41
-
An increase in resp rate would not result in decrease of...
pH
-
Hyperventilation can result in loss of consciousness because...
of alkalosis
-
The more hydrogen ions excreted by renal tubules, the ...
fewer potassium ions excreted
-
What would be important in treating metabolic alkalosis?
chloride ions
-
A solution with pH of 6 would have a hydrogen ion concentration of...
0.000001 per liter
-
A solution with pH of 6 would have...
fewer hydrogen ions than a solution of pH of 4
-
Which is not a weak acid?
Na2HPO4
-
In the body, what might be used to buffer a strong acid like HCl?
NaHCO3
-
In the body, what might be used to buffer NaOH?
H2CO3
-
The resp center is stimulated if the...
amt of CO2 in atrterial blood increase
-
What is true of hypoventilation?
All is true
-
The numeric value of pH represents the...
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
-
If HCl were bufferd by NaHCO3, what would not occur?
formation of water
-
If NaOH were buffered by H-HCO3, what would not occur?
# of hydroxide ions would greatly increase.
-
If NaOH were buffered by H-HCO3, what would occur?
slight rise in pH
-
How is the renal tubule excretion of ammonia involed in maintaining the acid-base balance?
Decrease in blood pH accelerates tubule excretion of both hydrogen and ammonia. Increase in blood pH produces opposite, thus maintaining balance
-
Reason hyperventilation can result in loss of consciousness.
Increase inhydrogen ion concentration above certain level depress the CNS and therefore produces symptoms such as disorientation and coma
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