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what is the 6 parts of the scientific method
- observation
- hypothesis
- prediction
- observation/further experimentation
- results
- conclusion
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if the results of an experiment support the hypothesis then what according to the scientific method should come next?
further predictions can be made to support the hypothesis
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what happens is the hypothesis is not supported in the scientif method
alternative hypothesi are made and tested
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what are the most common spoilage organisms.
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spoilage organisms are classified according to what?
tempature they prefer
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what are the different classes of spoilage organisms
- cold loving
- cold tolerant
- ambient loving
- heat loving
- high heat loving
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at what point has food spoilage occured?
when foods nutritional value,texture, or flavor has changed and the food is no longer edible.
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organisms are classified into 3 domains what are they?
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eukarya consists of what 4 organisms
- protists
- plants
- fungi
- animals
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in eukaryatic cells where is the DNA housed?
in the nucleus
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which domain or domains are prokaryotes?
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Microbiology:
The study of living things too small to be seen without magnification
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Microorganisms or microbes-
microscopic organisms
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What do microorganisms do?
Microorganisms have become an integral part of industry, technology, farming
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3 major groups of microorganisms
- prokaryotes - before the nucleus
- eukaryortes - true nucleus
- non-cellular - Viruses- parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that can infect all living things,including other microorganisms
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bacteria are prokaryote or eukaryote?
prokaryote
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bacteria cell walls consist of
peptidoglycan
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how do bacteria reproduce?
binary fission
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what do bacteria use for energy?
organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
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are algae Eukaryote or prokaryote
eukaryote
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algae cell walls consist of?
cellulose
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what does algae use for energy
photosynthesis
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what does algae produce
molecular oxygen and organic compounds
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protozoa are prokaryote or eukaryote?
eukaryote
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what do peotozoa absorb?
organic chemicals
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protozoa may be motile by what means?
pseudopods,cilia,or flagella
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Are Multicellular Animal Parasites eukaryote or peokaryote?
eukaryote
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what is another name for parasitic flatworms and round worms?
helminths
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are fungi prokaryote or eukaryote
eukaryote
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what are the cell walls of fungi made of
chitin
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what does fungi use as energy
organic chemicals
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which fungi are multicellular
molds and mushrooms
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which fungi are unicellular
yeasts
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what are viruses and are they considered "living"
acellular, non- living
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what is the core of a virus made of
DNA or RNA
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what is the core of a virus surrounded by?
protien coat
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the protien coat that surrounds the core of a virus may be enclosed in what?
lipid envelope
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what is required for a virus to replicate?
a living host cell
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Branches of Microbiology
- •Agricultural microbiology
- •Biotechnology
- •Food,dairy, and aquatic microbiology
- •Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology
- •Public health microbiology and epidemiology
- •Immunology
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about how long ago did microbes first appear?
3.5 billion years ago
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which organism conducted photosynthesis first: bacteria or plants
bacteria
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humans use microorganisms for many things what are 2 uses
- food preservatives - yogurt, salami, cheeses
- producing important compounds - antibiotics, msg, ethonol
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Biotechnology-
When humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting, has been around for centuries. Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology are new uses of microorganisms
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Bioremediation-
introducing microbes in to the environment to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants
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Pathogens-
disease-causing organisms
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whan does disease result?
When a pathogen overcomes the host’s resistance
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Emerging infectious diseases (EID):
New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence.
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Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells - 4 differences
- Prokaryotic cells are about 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells
- Prokaryotic cells lack many cell structures such as organelles
- All prokaryotes are microorganisms, but only some eukaryotes are
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Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was the first to do what?
- describe microbes
- see microorganisms
- report that living things are composed of cells
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who created the single-lens microscope?
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
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Biogenesis:
living things originate from other living things
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Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis):
life rapidly appears from non-living things.
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Francesco Redi
Disproved spontaneous generation of maggots
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Louis Pasteur
- Discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process
- Disproved theory of spontaneous generation
- Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
1857-1914
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The Germ Theory of Disease
- 1835: Agostino Bassi showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.
- 1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.
- 1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another.
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Establishment of the Scientific Method
- Early scientists tended to explain natural phenomena by a mixture of belief, superstition, and argument
- During the 1600s, true scientific thinking developed
- From that, the development of the scientific method
- Formulate a hypothesis
- Most use the deductive approach to apply the scientific method
- Experimentation, analysis, and testing leads to conclusions
- Either support or refute the hypothesis
- Hypotheses can eventually become theories
- Theories can eventually become laws or principles
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Taxonomy:
classifying living things
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Microbial nomenclature-
naming microorganisms
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Identification-
discovering and recording the traits of organisms so they can be named and classified
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how to memorize taxonomy
•Kingdom Kings
•Phylum/ Play
•Class/Domain Chess
•Order On
•Family Fine
•Genus Green
•Species Satin
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A standardized nomenclature allows scientists from all over the world to exchange information
Called binomial nomenclature
how does it work?
- The generic (genus) name followed by the species name
- Generic part is capitalized, species is lowercase
- Both are italicized or underlined if italics aren’t
- available
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Phylogeny-
the degree of relatedness between groups of living things
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