Medic 14 A&P Ch.2

Is the science that investigates matter and its interactions.

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Is a physical property that determines the weight of an object in earths gravitational field.

Elements

Elements cannot be changed or broken down into simpler substances.

An Atom.

Protons, Neutrons, and electrons.

Positive charge and are similar is size and mass to Neutrons.

Neutral charge

the number of protons in an atom.

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A component of water and other compounds; Oxygen gas is essential for respiration.

Found in all organic molecules 

A component of water and most other compounds in the body.

 Found in proteins,nucleic acids and other,organic compounds.

Found in bones and teeth: important for membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and clotting.

Found in bones and teeth,nucleic acids and high-energy compounds.

Important for proper membrane function, nerve impulse, and muscle contraction.

Important for membrane function,nerve impulses, and muscle contraction.

Important for membrane function and water absorption.

Required for activation of several enzymes.

Found in many proteins.

Essential for oxygen transport and energy capture.

A component of hormones of the thyroid gland.

average mass of elements atoms. Takes into account mass of subatomic particles and relative proportions of any isotopes.

Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Number of protons in an atom

Chemical structures that contain more than one atom bonded together by shared electrons

Any chemical substance made up by atoms of two or more elements regardless of how the participating atoms achieve stability.

Atoms or molecules that have an electric charge.

Positive Ion

Negative Ion

Chemical Bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations.

Ionic bonds are formed by this process

Chemical bond that involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.

Two Atoms sharing one pair of electrons.

Two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons

A covalent bond where the atoms remain neutral because the electrons are shared equally. 

Is an unequal sharing between atoms of different elements.

A hydrogen bond is the attraction between a slight positive charge on the hydrogen atom of one polar covalent bond and a weak negative charge on an oxygen or nitrogen atom of another polar covalent bond.

Surface tension acts as a barrier that keeps small objects from entering the water

compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial tension between two liquids, or that between a liquid and a solid.

New chemical bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken.

are the substances that are present before the chemical change takes place. They are the things that are present at the starting point. By convention, the chemical symbols for the reactants are written on the left hand side of the chemical reaction equation.

are the substances that are formed during the chemical change. They are the things that are present at the end. By convention, the chemical symbols for the products are written on the right hand side of the chemical reaction equation.

Is movement or a change in the physical structure of matter.

• Is the capacity to perform work.
• Kinetic and Potential Energy.

Energy of motion

Stored energy

Decomposition reactions, synthesis reactions, and exchange reactions.

Breaks a molecule into smaller fragments

AB--->A+B

Usually hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Sometimes this addition causes both substance and water molecule to split into two parts.In such reactions, one fragment of the target molecule (or parent molecule) gains a hydrogen ion.

• A--B--C--D--E+H2O----->
• A--B--C--H+ HO--D--E

• Decomposition reactions of complex molecules within cells
• when a covalent bond is broken, it releases kinetic energy. Cells harness that energy to power essential functions

• Synthesis reaction assembles larger molecules from smaller molecules 
• A+B-->AB

is the formation of a complex molecule by the removal of water

• A--B--C--H+HO--D--E-->
•                              A--B--C--D--E+H20

Synthesis of new compounds in the body

Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around as follows

AB+CD--->AD+CB

• A+B<-->AB
• Two reactions happening simultaneously
• one synthesis/decomposition
•  

The amount of energy required to start a reaction

 Are compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed. 

Reactions that release energy.

 total amount of energy is a loss (it takes more energy to start the reaction than what you get out of it) so the total energy is a negative net result.

Essential elements and molecules that are obtained from diet

Include all molecules synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions in our body.

Inorganic compounds or Organic compounds.

Generally speaking are small molecules that do not contain carbon and  hydrogen atoms

Primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and they can be much larger and more complex then inorganic compounds

• is an excellent solvent
• has a very high heat capacity
• is an essential reactant in chemical reactions of living systems

is any substance that dissociates in solution to release hydrogen ions

HCL----->H+ + CL-

is any substance that removes hydrogen ions from a solution.

NaOH-----> NA+ + OH-

Are compunds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions.

is an ionic compound that consists of any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except an hydroxide ion.

Inorganic compounds whose ions can conduct an electrical current in solution.

• Carbohydrates,
• lipids, proteins,
• and nucleic acids.

Is an organic molecule that contains carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen near 1:2:1.

• Monosaccharides,
• Disaccharides,
• Polysaccharides

is a carbohydrate that conains from three to seven carbon atoms. Glucose is included in this group.

Two monosaccharides joined together, (sucrose)

polysaccharide that is composed of interconnected glucose molecules

Result when repeated dehydration synthesis reactions add additional monosaccharides or disaccharides.

Glucose,fructose

Energy source

Manufactured in the body and obtained from food; found in all body fluids

Sucrose,lactose,maltose

Energy source

Sucrose is table sugar, lactose is present inmilk; all must be broken down to monosaccharides before absorption.

Glycogen

Storage of glucose molecules

Glycogen is in animal cells; other starches and cellulose are in plant cells.

• Contain carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen
• 1:2:1

Contain small quanities of other elements including phosphorus, nitrogen, or sulfur.

• Fatty acids
• fats
• steroids
• phospholipids

are long chains of carbon atoms with attached hydrogen atoms that end in a carboxylic acid group

Four single covalent bonds of each carbon atom permit each neighboring carbon to link to cah other and to two hydrogen atoms

The fatty acid is unsaturated if any of the carbon to carbon bonds are double covalent bonds, then fewer hydrogen atoms are present.

Attaching fatty acids to glycerol

Glycerol molecule is attached to three fatty acids

Triglycerides that contain saturated fatty acids

Triglycerides that contain unsaturated fatty acids

Are large lipid molecules composed of four connected rings of carbon atoms.

Steroid needed to maintain cell membranes and produce hormones.

Consist of a glycerol and two fatty acids )diglyceride) linked to a nonlipid group by a phosphate group.

Lauric acid

Energy sources

Absorbed from food or synthesized in cells;transported in the blood for use in many cells

Momoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides 

Energy source, energy storage, insulation, and physical protection.

Stored in fat deposits; must be broken down into fatty acids and glycerol before they can be used as an energy source.

Structural component of cell membranes, hormones, digestive secretions in bile.

All have the same carbon-ring framework.

Lecithin

Structural components of cell membranes

Composted of fatty acids and nonlipid molecules

are the most abundant organic components of the human body and in many ways the most important.

All proteins contain carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; smaller quantities of sulfur may also be present.

• Support
• Movement
• Transport
• Buffering
• Metabolic regulation
• Coordination,communication, and control
• Defense

Structural proteins create three dimensional framework for the body and provide strength, organization and support for cells,tissues and organs.

Contractile proteins are responsible for muscular contraction;related proteins are responsible for the movement of individual cells.

Insoluble lipids  respiratory gases, minerals such as iron, and several hormones are carried in the blood attached to transport proteins.Other specialized proteins transport materials between different parts of a cell.

Proteins provides a considerable buffering action, which helps prevent potentially dangerous changes in pH in cells and tissues

Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions in living cells. the sensitivity of enzymes to environmental factors is extremely important in controlling the pace and direction of metabolic operations.

Protein hormones can influence the metabolic activities of every cell in the body or affect the function of specific organs or organ systems.

The tough, waterproof proteins of skin,hair and nails protect the body from the enviroemental hazards.Antibodies protect us from disease and clotting proteins restrict bleeding.

Building blocks of proteins

 is a covalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with theamino group of the other molecule, causing the release of a molecule of water (H2O), hence the process is a dehydration synthesis reaction (also known as a condensation reaction), and usually occurs between amino acids

are Molecules made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

Molecules consist of two amino acids

That contain more then 100 amino acids called proteins.

is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), or heat.

These molecules catalyze the reactions that sustain life.

Substrates

the substrate must bind to a special region of the enzyme called the active site.

Each enzyme can only catalyze one type of reaction 

Complex reactions that support life proceed in a series of interlocking, steps controlled by a different enzyme

Are large organic molecules composted of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids process information at the molecular level inside cells.

are components of nucleic acids and contain a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

• Adenine (A)
• Guanine (g)
• Cytosine (C)
• Thymine (T)
• Uricil (U)

• Sugar -Ribose
• Nitrogen bases-
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Uracil
• Number of nucleotides in a typical molecule- Varies from fewer than 100 necleotides to about 50,000
• Shape of molecule- Single strand
• Function- preforms protein synthesis as directed by DNA

• Sugar- Deoxyribose
• Nitrogen Bases-
• Adenine
• Guaninse
• Cytosine
• Thymine
• Number of nucleotides in a typical molecule-
• Always more than 45 million nucleotides
• Shape- Paired stands colied into a double helix
• Function-Stores genetic information that controls protein synthesis.

• Cytosine-Guanine
• Adenine- Thymine

Are stored in cells

• ATP
• Composed of the  nucleotide  adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and two phosphate groups.