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study of body structure
anatomy
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study of how the body works
physiology
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the study of the development of the body from a egg or ovum
embryology
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divides the body into right an left halves
median or midsagittal plane
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divides the body into posterior and anterior sections
frontal or coronal planes
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what divides the body into superior and inferior sections
horizontal or tansverse planes
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standard body position
anatomical position (standing with palms forward)
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what is medial
torwards the midline of the body
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what is lateral
farther away from the midline
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what is proximal
closer to body or point of origin
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what is distal
away from body or point of origin
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what is superior
higher than
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what is cranial
torwards the head
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what is caudal
torwards the feet
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supine position
lying with face up
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prone position
lying with face down
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lateral recumbent
lying on either side of body
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what is peripheral
surface of structure or outwards part
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what involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food
digestion
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the process of absorbtion, storage, and use of foods
metabolism
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the bodies self regulated control of its internal environment
homeostasis
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the smallest unit of life
cell
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viscid jelly like substance in cells
protoplasm
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permeable membrane surrounding the cell
plasma membrane
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process in which gases and solids pass through the cell membrane
diffusion
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small dense center of cells
nucleus
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chromosomes in humans
46 or 23 pairs
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gelatinous substance surrounding nucleus of cell
cytoplasm
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the simplest living organism consists of what
cell
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a unicellular animal
amoeba
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groups of specialized cells similar in structure and function
tissue
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how many types of tissues exist
four types
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the lining tissue of the body
epithelium
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three categories of epithelium tissue
columnar, cubodial, squamous
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microscopic hair in nostrils and ears
cilia
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main protective tissue of the body
squamous
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most widespread tissue of the body
connective/supporting tissue
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tissue that consists of a meshwork of thin fibers that interlace in all directions
areolar connective tissue
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fatty tissue
adipose tissue
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bone tissue
osseous connective tissue
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tissue that moves body
muscular tissue
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striated/striped tissue
skeletal muscle tissue
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smooth or non striated tissue that an individual cant control
smooth muscle tissue/involuntary tissue used by digestive system
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bones in the human body
206
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study of bones?
osteology
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thin outer membrane surrounding the bone that provides nourishment
periosteum
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short bones are what?
ankle and wrist
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bones of the skull, sternum, and scapula
flat bones
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irregular bones are?
vertebrae, mandible and pelvic bones
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seams where the skull forms together?
sutures
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opening that permits passage of spinal cord from cranium to spinal column
foramen magnum
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how many facial bones?
14= 13 immovable and the mandible
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vomer bone?
form the wall separating the two nasal cavaties
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vertebral column consists of how many vertebrae?
24 + coccyx and sacrum
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hole directly behind the body of the vertebrae that forms the passage for the spinal cord
vertebral foramen
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how many vertebrae in cervical spine
7
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first and second vertebrae names?
atlas and axis
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how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
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how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
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how many rows of ribs?
12
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first seven ribs are called?
true ribs
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last set of 5 ribs are called?
false ribs
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the last two of the false ribs are called?
floating ribs
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what is the landmark in the administration of CPR?
xiphoid process
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shaped like an S- called the collar bone
clavicle
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triangular bone on both sides of upper back
scapula
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longest bone of the upper extremity
humerus
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two main bones of the forearm
radius and ulna
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what side of the forearm is the radius on
thumb side
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how many carpal bones are there?
8
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small bones of the fingers
phalanges
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name the parts of the hip
3 bones- ilium, ischium, pubis
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in adults the hip bones combine and form a cuplike structure called?
acetabulum
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largest foramen is located in the hip and is called what?
obturator foramen
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thigh bone/ largest bone in body
femur
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oval shaped bone over the knee joint
patella
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bones that develop within a tendon are called?
sesamoid bones
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larger of the two lower leg bones that lies on medial side
tibia
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how many bones form tarsus
7 bones
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strongest tarsus bone
calcaneus/heel bone
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sole or instep of the foot called?
metatarsus
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tear of ligaments are called
sprain
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simplest type of motion
gliding
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bending of an arm or leg
flexion
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straigtening/unbending of arm or leg
extension
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moving extremity away from body
abduction
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bringing extremity torwards body
adduction
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term used to describe the movement of hips and shoulders
circumduction
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supination is what?
turning upward
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pronation is what?
turning downward
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eversion is?
turning outward
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inversion is?
turning inward
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muscles make up how much of your body weight?
1/2 of total weight
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muscles provide what 3 functions?
movement, posture, heat
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what is a prime mover?
contracting muscle
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relaxing muscle is?
antagonist
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continual state of partial contraction that give muscle a certain firmness
tonicity
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rigor mortis occurs how long after death?
10 mins- several hours
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what muscle has most abundant blood supply
cardiac muscle
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muscle that raises jaw
temporalis
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muscle that raises mandible to close jaw
masseter-used for mastication of food
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what muscles flex the neck and extend the head
sternocleidomastoid and other neck muscles
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trapezium shaped muscles on upper back that extend to midback that lower and raise shoulders
trapezius
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prominent chest muscle that rotate arm inwards
pectoris major
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muscle that raises arm and is most frequent IM injection site
deltoid
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muscle on the anterior surface of the upper arm that rotates the arm outward
biceps branchi
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buttocks muscle used for IM injections
gluteus
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muscle called the hamstring
biceps femoris
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longest muscle in body
sartorius
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muscle used for respiration
diaphragm
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the epidermis is?
the outer skin layer
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second skin layer that blends into deeper tissue
dermis/ true skin
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hair root is imbedded into pit like depression called?
hair follicle
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sabaceous glands are not found on ?
feet and palms of hand
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amount secreted from sweat glands daily
1 liter
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sweat glands in ear canal
ceriminous glands
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circulatory system name
vascular system
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average blood in adult
5-6 liters
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liquid part of blood 92% water
plasma
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plasma percentage in blood
55%
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red blood cells
erythrocytes
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average blood cell per cubic millimeter in men
5 million
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average blood cell per cubic millimeter in women
4.5 million
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red blood cells primary job
deliver oxygen
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red blood cells life span
100-120 days
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organ known as graveyard
spleen
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white blood cells
leukocytes
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normal white blood cell count
6k-8k
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high white blood cell count indicates infection
15k-20k
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abnormally high white blood cell count
leukocytosis
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play important role for caugulation
platelets or thrombocytes
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normal clotting time
3-5 minutes
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disease that prevents caugulation
hemophilia
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outer lining of heart
pericardium
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inner surface of heart
endocardium
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wall inside the heart
interventricular septum
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pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial node-SA nodes
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difference between systolic and diastolic
pulse pressure
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average blood pressure range
120-150 and 70-90
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blood vessels have 3 classes/ arteries have?
distributors
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capillaries are what?
distributors
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veins are called?
collectors
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how many miles of capillaries in human body
60k mile
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only veins that have freshly oxygenated blood
pulmonary system
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delivers blood to liver
portal system
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vein used for venipuncutre
median cubital
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ankle IV site
great saphenous vein
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fights infective agents in body
lymphocytes
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the "throat" serves respiratory and digestive systems
pharynx
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separates larynx from pharynx
epiglottis
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thyroid cartilage
adams apple
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wind pipe made of 16-20 cartligenous c shaped rings
trachea
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microscopic air sacs in lungs
alveoili
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terminal branches of the trachea
bronchi
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airtight membranes that cover outside of the lungs
pleurae
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thoracic cavity organs that form a septum between lungs
mediastinum
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muscle for respiration
diaphragm
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nerve that controls diaphragm
phrenic nerve
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normal adult respirations
14-18
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air left in lungs after forceful respirations
1200ml of residual air
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air exchanged with each normal respiration
tidal air
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brains two main divisions
cerebellum and cerebrum
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largest portion of brain
cerebrum
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outer surface/grey matter of brain
cortex
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white matter of brain
medulla
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cerebellum is responsible for
balance and coordination
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control center for vital body functions
medulla oblongota
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3 layers of membranes lining outer layer of brain/spinal cord
meninges
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strong outer layer of brain
dura matter
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inner highly vascular part of the brain
pia matter
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body's self balancing of its internal environment
homestasis
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hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during pregnancy
oxytocin
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olfactory nerve controls
smell
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hypoglossal nerve controls
tongue
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trochlear nerve controls
eye movement
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master gland of body/ located at base of brain
pituitary gland
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growth hormone responsible for body growth
somatotropin
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daily urine output
1000-1500 ml
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butterfly shaped gland in back of neck
thyroid
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glands on superior surface of kidneys
adrenal
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islands of langerhans are part of what organ
pancreas
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sensation of tongue is limited to
sour sweet bitter salty
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clear water fluid that shapes the eyes
aqueous humor
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helps maintain the pressure in the eye
vitreous humor
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outer layer of the eye
sclera
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tear producing gland
lacrimal gland
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responsible for night vision
rods
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daytime vision control
cones
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deflection or bending of light
refraction
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eardrum name
tympanic membrane
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three parts of middle ear
mallus(hammer) incus(anvil) stape(stirrup)
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36mm long/equalizes internal and external air pressure
eustachian tube
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small snail shaped structure hosuing the organ of corti
cochlea
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organ of hearing
organ of corti
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peristalis
wavelike motion that food travels though digestive system
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passageway from pharynx to stomach
esophagus
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most food is absorbed in
small intestine
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serous lining of stomach cavity
peritoneum
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three parts of small intestine
duodenum jejunum ileum
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majority of small intestine food absorbtion takes place in the
ileum
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three parts of large intestine
cecum colon rectum
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largest gland of body
liver
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large resevoir for urine storage in body
bladder
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bean shaped organs that filter bodily waste
kidneys
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functional units of the kidneys
nephrons
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glomerus capsule
bowmans capsule
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how many gallons of blood pass daily through kidneys
2,500 gallons
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carries urine from kidneys to bladder
urethra
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max amount of urine in bladder
600ml
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connects epididymis to the ejaculatory gland
vans deferans
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transports sperm through the penis out of body
urethra
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chestnut size gland that excretes alkaline fluid for sperm mobility
prostate gland
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pea sized glands that provide lubrication to penis
cowpers glands/bulbourethral glands
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females primary reproductive organ
ovaries
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menstrual cycle is
28 days
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passage from ovaries to uterus
fallopian tubes
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receives embryo-from fertilized egg
uterus
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organ that recieves sperm during intercourse
vagina
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low to high fluid concentration transfer in cell
diffusion
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digestive fluid secretions/absorb digested food. tissue name?
columnar tissue
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two most prominent mineral elements of bone
calcium and phosphorus
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head of humerus
glenoid fossa
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two protein substances(actin/myosin) do what?
muscle contraction
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primary thermo-regulation of body
sweat glands
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decreased RBC count could be a medical condition affecting?
red bone marrow
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fibrinogen deficiency affects
hemmorrage control
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what do blood clots do
prevent loss of blood/start healing/new tissue growth
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contraction phase of heart
systole
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impulse receptors of nerve
dendrites
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space in which nerve signal pass through neurons
synopse
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where is cerebral spinal fluid produced
ventricles of brain
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12 pair cranial nerves/31 pair spinal nerves form
peripheral nervous system
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overproduction of what hormone leads to acromegaly
somatotropin
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calcium levels in blood controlled by which hormone
parathormone
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hormone produced by alpha cells in islands of langerhans
glucagon
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where does fertilization of ovum take place
fallopian tubes
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