Immunology 2

the study of immunity

how the body protects itself against "non-self" (microorganisms, toxins, parasites, etc)

yes

yes, autoimmune disease

substances that are perceived as foreign to the body

yes

yes

• innate or non-specific immune system
• adaptive or specific immune system

cellular and humoral

macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, etc

humoral means derived from fluid - molecules - non cellular - antibodies, complement

Natural immunity

• born with it
• there is immediately maximum response
• not antigen-specific
• no immunologic memory

acquired immunity

• response is antigen-dependent
• there is a lag-time between exposure and maximum response
• antigen-specific
• exposure results in immunologic memory

• barrier tissues - skin
• physical forces - mucociliary apparatus
• secretory substances - gastric acid
• inflammatory response
• natural killer cells

prevents physical entrance to the body

cuts and burns

microbes can enter tissue and cause infection (usually causes acute inflammation)

• neutrophils
• monocytes/macrophages
• natural killer cells
• eosinophils
• basophils, mast cells, platelets

phagocytes - will attack and kill invading microorganisms

a type of T lymphocyte - are not part of the inflammatory response - kill virus infected and tumor cells

have proteins in their granules that can kill certain parasites

• APC - antigen presenting cells
• assorted leukocytes - help to activate helper T cells (part of the adaptive immunity)
• dendritic cells, macrophages

• complement
• coagulation factors
• lactoferrin, transferrin
• interferons
• lysozymes

• a group of serum proteins
• can lyse bacteria, can opsonize bacteria for enhanced phagocytosis, can recruit and activate phagocytes

• increases vascular permeability
• attracts phagocytic cells
• some are directly antimicrobial

bind iron (which is the essential nutrient for bacteria)

proteins that can limit virus replication in cells

• non-specific bacteriocidal protein found in tears, nasal and intestinal secretions
• breaks down the cell wall of bacteria

• distinguish "self" from "non-self"
• remember antigens it has encountered

antibodies

• B lymphocytes
• T cells

plasma cells that make antibodies

• Tc - T cytotoxic cells
• Th - T helper cells

• an immunoglobulin molecule that combines with the specific antigen that induced its formation
• made in the body
• the defense, the good guys

• a substance foreign to the body, that can induce a specific immune response
• foreign proteins, toxins, bacteria, viruses, etc
• the enemy offense, the bad guys

• fix or bind complement to lyse the microorganism
• opsonize - permit the microogranism to be phagocytized

a substance (protein) which binds to the surface of a particle, enhancing its uptake by a phagocyte

• immunopreventive techniques (vaccinations)
• immunodiagnostics
• immunotherapy

diagnosis by immune reaction (allergic skin testing and immunofluorescent tagging to identify certain conditions)

• bone marrow or thymus transplants
• allergic hyposensitization
• immunopotentiators (substances which stimulate the immune system)
• passive immunization

give patient pre-formed antibodies, which have been actively produced in another individual

• active immunity
• passive immunity

• individual is exposed to an antigen (naturally or by vaccination)
• makes his own antibodies

the transfer of antibodies from a donor to a recipient for temporary immunity (donor makes the antibodies)

• serum
• colostrm
• transplacental
• yolk

• donor animal is exposed to the antigen and makes antibodies
• donor animals serum is harvested and then injected into the recipient

these large protein molecules are able to cross the very permeable neonatal GI mucosa into the baby's blood

mother's antibodies cross the placenta and enter the fetus during gestation

• for birds
• mother's antibodies are present in the yolk and the chick incorporates antibodies during incubation