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4 steps of bone repair
- hematoma forms (blood filled swelling) vessels rupture at site of fracture
- cartilage callus forms in place of hematoma; temporary splint
- osteoblasts begin to divide to replace the fibrocartilage callus with bony callus
- bony callus is remodeled to form a strong permanent patch, heals with extra layer of bone
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fibrous joints
- bones united by fibrous tissue, thin layer of connective tissue
- ex. sutures, teeth in sockets; sydesmoses (allows more movement than sutures)
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cartilaginous joints
- bones connected by cartilage and ligaments
- called a symphysis, allows limited movement
- ex. pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints, cartilage between sacrum and hip bone
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synarthroses
- immovable joints, sutures
- bones are close
- thin layer of fibrous connective tissue between bones
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amphiarthroses
- slightly moveable joints
- bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
- ribs connected to sternum by costal cartilage
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diarthroses
- synovial joints, appendicular skeleton
- freely moveable joints
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articular cartilage (hyaline)
- covers ends of opposing bones
- separated by space called joint cavity
- reduces friction
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fibrous articular capsule
sleeve at the joint serface lined with a synovial membrane
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joint cavity
contains synovial fluid
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reinforcing ligament
- both reduce friction between bones
- -bursae: flattened fibrous sacs, contain synovial fluid
- -tendon sheath: elognated bursa, wrapped around a tendon
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plane joint
- flat surface
- joint bones slide past each other
- nonaxial
- ex. intercarpal joints of the wrist
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hinge joint
- cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough shaped surface on another
- angular movement in one plane
- uniaxial
- ex. elbow, knee, phalanges
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pivot joint
- rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone
- one bone spins or rotates around another
- uniaxial
- ex. radioulnar joint (elbow), first 2 vertebrae in neck
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condyloid joint
- knuckle like
- egg shaped end fits into oval concavity in another
- move in many directions; cannot rotate
- biaxial
- ex. metacarpolphalangeal joints
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saddle joint
- convex and concave
- allows movement back and forth, up and down
- biaxial
- ex. carpometacarpal joints in thumb
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ball and socket joint
- spherical head of one bone fits into round socket
- multiaxial joints
- allows movement in all axes; includes rotation
- ex. shoulder and hip
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ligaments which stabilize the joint
- ACL
- -major stabilizing ligament of knee
- -prevent buckling type of instability
- -tearing occurs with sudden direction change
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bursitis
- inflamation of bursa or synovial membrane
- caused by blow or friction
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sprain
- ligaments or tendons damaged by excessive stretching or torn away from bone
- heals very slowly
- poorly vascularized
- cartilage is avascular
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tendonitis
inflammation of tendon sheath
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dislocation
- bone is forced out of normal position
- reduction is to put bone back into normal position
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osteoarthritis
- most common chronic arthritis
- wear and tear, normal aging
- bone thickens and bone spurs grow; restricts movement
- common in spine, knees, hips, fingers
- slow and irreversible
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rheumatoid arthritis
- autoimmune disease
- cause: unknown
- ages of 40-50
- scar tissue forms as cartilage is destroyed and ossifies
- causes deformities
- controlled with steroids, physical therapy, drugs
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gouty arthritis
- inflammation of joints caused by deposition of urate crystals from the blood
- genetic
- more common in males
- bone ends fuse and become immobile
- can be controlled with diet
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