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Directional
Superior (cranial)
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
*the head is superior to the abdomen
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Directional
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
*the navel is inferior to the chin
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Directional
Ventral (anterior)*
*only synonymous in human, not animals
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
*the breastbone is anterior to the spine
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Directional
Dorsal (posterior)*
toward or at the back of the body; behind
*the heart is posterior to the breastbone
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Directional
Medial
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
*the heart is medial to the arm
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Directional
Lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
*the arms are lateral to the chest
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Directional
Intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
*the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder
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Directional
Proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
*the elbow is proximal to the wrist
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Directional
Distal
farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
*the knee is distal to the thigh
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Directional
Superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface
*the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles
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Directional
Deep (internal)
away from the body surface; more internal
*the lungs are deep to the skin
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Anatomical Position
Body erect with feet slightly apart, palms face forward w/thumbs pointing away from body.
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What is the definition of directional terms?
directional terms allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another.
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What is the definition of regional terms?
regional terms are used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions
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What are the 2 fundamental divisions of our body?
Axial part - makes up the main axis; includes head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular part - consists of the appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body's axis
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Regional term
Cephalic (x7)
- Anterior/Ventral:
- Frontal - face
- Orbital - eye
- Nasal - nose
- Oral - mouth
- Mental - chin
- Posterior/Dorsal:
- Otic - ear
- Occipital - back of head
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Regional term
Thoracic (x3)
- Sternal - sternum, center chest
- Axillary - armpit
- Mammary - pectoral/breast
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Regional term
Abdominal
umbilical
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Regional term
Upper Limb (x6)
- Acromial - shoulder
- Brachial - upper arm
- Antecubital - inner elbow (anterior)
- Olecranal - outer elbow (posterior)
- Antebrachial - forearm
- Carpal - wrist
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Regional term
Manus (hand) x4
- Pollex - bridge below thumb
- Metacarpal - posterior palm
- Palmar - palm
- Digital - fingers
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Regional term
Lower Limb (x7)
- Coxal - hip
- Femoral - thigh
- Patellar - anterior knee
- Popliteal - posterior knee
- Crural - leg
- Sural - calf
- Fibular or peroneal - lower leg
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Regional term
Pedal (Foot) x6
- Tarsal - ankle
- Calcaneal - heel
- Metatarsal - top feet
- Digital - toes
- Plantar - bottom foot
- Hallux -
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Regional term
Back (dorsal) x6
- Scapular - shoulder blade
- Vertebral - spine
- Lumbar - lower back
- Sacral - tail bone
- Gluteal - butt
- Perineal - between anus and external genitalia
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Dorsal body cavity
Name the 2 subdivisions
protects the fragile nervous system organs
- has 2 subdivisions:
- a) cranial cavity - in skull, encases brain
- b) vertebral, or spinal cavity - runs within bony vertebral column, encloses spinal cord
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Ventral body cavity
Name the 2 subdivisions.
- the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities..... contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
- -- houses internal organs collectively called the viscera
- 2 subdivisions:
- a) thoracic cavity - contains heart and lungs, surrounded by ribs and muscles of chest
- ---pleural cavities (lungs)
- ---superior mediastinum
- ---pericardial cavity (below lungs)
- b) abdominopelvic cavity - contains digestive viscera
- ---inferior part= pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
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Contralateral
on opposite sides
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