Heart disease disparities: heart attacks are more fatal for men or women? higher attack rates in which race? higher risk of stroke in which race?
women; african- americans, african- americans
3 social risk factors for heart disease and stroke
Being male, African- American, under educated
Most common chronic disease in American children
Asthma
65% of asthmatic children live in areas where ___
pollution exceeds recommended levels
___ increase in asthma mortality since _____
40%, 1980's
African- American children have __ times more mortality from asthma
5
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder(COPD)?
Occurs in advanced stages of chronic disease and obstructs airflow due to chronic bronchitis
COPD affects ___% of males in U.S. and causes _____ deaths/ year
30; 100,000
_____ Americans will have a cancer in their lifetimes; __% more risk of cancer in African- Americans; ___ more risk of cancer death in African- Americans
1 in 3; 10; 30 (50% in men)
_____ has highest levels of heart disease
South
Testing home for radon is a means of primary prevention for the following cancers (3)
lung, skin, gastrointestinal
Elimination of chemical and toxin exposure is a means of primary prevention for the following cancers (3)
Lung, leukemia, lymphoma
Eating a low- fat diet reduced risk of the following cancers (3)
breast, colorectal
____ is the main cause of gender disparities in cancer; it accounts for __% of all cancers
Smoking; 15-30%
6 main causes of cancer
Smoking, diet, obesity and lack of exercise, alcohol, HPV, environmental and occupational hazards
Reasons why PH might have ignored mental health in the past (3)
Preoccupation with prevention, emphasis on sanitation and environmental health, difficulties measuring mental health morbidity and preventing complex causal chains
Tools to measure mental health
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 12), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD)
Sensitivity and specificity for HAD
96% sensitivity, 57% specificity for depression
What is the National Comorbidity Survey
Study of 12- month mental disease prevalence in U.S. population
Findings of the National Comorbidity Survey (4)
50% report 1 disorder in lifetime, 30% report illness in past 12 month, over half with 1 disorder have 2 or 3 (14% of total population). fewer than 40% of those with at least 1 disorder receive treatment (over 60% untreated)
Mental and neurological disorders account for ___% of global DALYs