Chapter 5

-controls a majority of functions throughout the body via voluntary and involuntary muscle signaling. Controls sesnory areas (sight, hearing, smelling, and touch) and regulatory areas (hypothalamus and piuitary control the endocrine system).

-interprets electrical signals and makes decisions about what to do

brain, spinal cord, eyes, and ears

endocrine, respiratory, digestive, digestive, urinary, lymphatic, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal

- secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream to help maintain homeostasis by regulating reproduction, growth and development, metabolism, blood glucose levels, stress, and ovulation

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes

nervous system

*all body systems are assisted by the endocrine system either directly or indirectly when hormones are released that influence the body's functions.

Brings oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and white blood cells to body structures and takes toxins away -- by pumping blood

heart and blood vessles

respiratory, urinary, nervous, musculoskeletal, lymphatic, and digestive

- transports excess fluid from tissues back into the blood

- aborbs fats from the villi int eh small intestines and transports it to the bloodstream

- protects the body from infection

lymph nodes, spleen, bone, marrow, and thymus

nervous, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal

- provide support and protection for the internal organs

• - Allow movement
• Bone:
• a. marrow produces blood cells
• b. stores minerals and releases them as the body needs them

• Muslce:
• a. contacts the heart
• b. contracts when walking, moves the blood through veins against the effects of gravity
• c. moves food through the GI tract
• d. helps maintain body temperature by generating heat

bones and muscles

urinary, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, and respiratory

- produce new life

vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, prostate, testes, vas deferens

endocrine

- metabolizes ingested food, transfers nutrients, and eliminates waste

mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large bowels, anus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

nervous, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

nervous, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular

supples oxygen to the blood and eliminates carbon dioxide

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

nervous and cardiovascular

It's the processing area of the nervous system. Responsible for receiving, interpreting, and responding to electrical signals from the peripheral nervous system.

• brain
• spinal cord

meninges

• pia matter: innermost layer
• arachnoid: middle layer
• dura mater: outer layer (against the innersurface of the cranium and vertebra)

to connect the central nervous system with the limbs and organs--to relay information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, as well as from the body to the spinal cord and brain.

somatic and autonomic

all conscious awareness of our external environment (voluntary) and all movement (through skeletal muscle).

Not under conscious control (involuntary). Monitors our internal environment and the function of the glands and organs. Also controls the contractions of smooth muscle.

sympathetic and parasympathetic

• responds to stress or impending danger (fright or flight)
• signals the adrenal glands ro release adrenaline in the bloodstream, which stimulates all the cells int he body to prepare for an emergency.
• physiological changes occur, such as an increase in the heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure, along with the shunting of the blood to the muscles--all to help the body cope with the high stress situation

• maintains and restores the body's energy.
• follows sympathetic stimulation and works to return body functions to normal.
• signals the reduction output of adrenaline, drecrease heart and breathing rate

• It's a collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to arrive at target organs.
• Utilizes long-term coordination of chemical signals to help maintain homeostasis by regulating body functions that include reproduction, growth and development, metabolism, blood glucose levels, stress response, and ovulation

neuroendocrine system

pituitary

Hormones

• the heart and circulatry system.
• the heart works as a pump that pushes blood through a network of arteries and veins responsible for delivering blood, oxygen, and nutrients to every cell and removing the carbon dioxide and waste products made by cells

• pulmonary circulation: transports blood from the heart to the lungs and back again
• systemic circulation: transports blood from the heart to all parts of the body (except the lungs) and back again

veins and arteries

arteries

* two exceptations are the umbilical arteries and the pulmonary artery

aorta

vein

*two exceptations the umbilical veins and the pulmonary vein

• the deoxygenated blood returns first to the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava that enter the right artrium
• the deoxygenated blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the heart's right ventricle
• the blood then flows through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the main pulmonary artery
• the deoxygenated blood is then transported to the lungs where the red blood cells exchange the carbon dioxide and waste for oxygen
• the now oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through the pulmonary vein which transports it to the left atrium ending the pulmonary circulation

• the oxygenated blood in the left atrium is pumped into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve
• from the left ventricle the blood passes through the semilunar aortic valve to enter the aorta
• the aorta arches superiorly to give off branches to supply the upper body 
• then descends through the thoracic cavity and going through the diaphragm to enter the abdominopelvic cavity
• the abdominal branches off the aorta to supply the lower body
• these branches also branch off decreasing in size to the small arterioles and capillaries
• the venules then collect the carbon dioxide and waste from the arterioles and capillaries and bring them to the larger veins
• these larger veins then bring the now deoxygenates blood to the superior and inferior vena cava which then brings the deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium

• 1. superior vena cava
• 2. pulmonary artery
• 3. pulmonary vein
• 4. aorta

• 1. superior vena cava
• 2. aorta
• 3. pulmonary arteries
• 4. pulmonary veins
• 5. left atrium
• 6. left ventricle
• 7. right ventricle
• 8. inferior vena cava
• 9. right atrium

myocardium

• electricity
• sinoatrial node (SA node)

pacemaker

it emits regular electrical impulses from the right atrium that caus both artira to contract and pump blood into the ventricles.

antroventricular node (AV node)

• AV node serves as the heart's circuit breaker in case teh SA node impulses comes too quickly.
• causes the muscles to contract and pump blood from the right ventricle into the lungs and from the left ventricle into the body

70 - 90 beats/minute

systole

diastole

• collection and transportation of excess fluids from the interstitial spaces of the body back into the veins in the bloodstream
• absorption of fats from the small intestine, which are then transported to the liver
• immune system functions that utilize lymphoid tissue and organs to produce cells that fight and dispose of foreign material

Lymph

• small capillaries drain lymp from the head, abdominopelvic cavity, organs and extremities into the lymphatic vessles
• the lymphatic vessles transport the lymph to its destination in the thorax
• along its path, the lymph passes through lymph nodes where the fluid is filtered of foreign material
• once in the thorax, lymp is emptied into large veins at the base of the neck and also just superior to the heart

Lacteals

They pickup fats that are transported via the lymphatic vessels directly back into the bloodstream

• connective tisue and a variety of white blood cells, primarily lymphocytes
• responsible for immune function, defending the body against infection and disease

lymph nodes

the thymus and bone marrow that produce and store lymphocytes (B cells and T cells), monocytes, and leukocytes until they are mature enough to be transported to the lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, and the blood

spleen

skeleton (206 adult bones), skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, connective tissue, and cartilage.

axial and appendicular

Axial

appendicular

Skeletal muscles

striated muscles

they are at the end of each skeletal muscle where the collagen fibers of the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium come together

bones

joints

immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable

Ligaments

bone to bone

• movement:produced when the skeletal muscles contract to bend the skeleton at movble joints
• protection: provide protection from external forces by covering internal organs
• hematapoiesis: blood cell production in the bone marrow
• mineral homeostasis: the release or aborption of calcium, sodium, and potassium

male testes and femal ovaries

for the gonads to produce gametes whose union is the basis of producing new life

epididymis

vas deferens

the site whre sperm mixes with the nourishing, suspending fluids secreted from the seminal vesicles to form semen, which is transported through the prostate gland, where it receives more secretions, promoting sperm motility, and then joins the prostatic urethra and eits the penis via the urethra

the exterior sac of skin containing the testes that is capable of protraction and retraction to maintain a constant state of temperature, which aids spermatoza production

ovarian follicles

luteinizing hormone (LH)

ovulation

releases proestrogen and a small amount of estrogen to further prepare the uterus for possible impantation by a zygote

fallopian tubes

transport the released mature ovum toward the uterine cavity

• the ovum degenerates
• the hypothalamus instructs the pituitary to stop releasing LH
• the corpus luteum maintenance is disrupted
• menstruation begins

• the corpus luteum continues to be maintained
• menstruation is supressed
• as pregnancy continues, the corpus luteum takes on a cystic composition
• the hormone BhCG can now be detected via blood or urine for pregnancy testing

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

responsible for completing the digetive process through the release of its own digestive enzymes and absorbing substances such as nutrients and minerals across its surface

bile

a thick fluid that aids in digestion by neutralizing stomach acid and breaking down fat

duodenum and jejunum

jejunum and ileum

peristalsis

colon

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid

• absorbing the remaining water from the indigestible contents
• assist in maintaining the body's fluid level
• transporting through the remainder of teh colon and rectum and finally the anus to be expelled

feces

• regulate blood volume and composition
• regulate blood pressure
• produce red blood cells

urine

• controlling blood volume
• adjusting the flow of bloo into and out of the kidneys
• secreting renin, an enzyme that helps contol blood pressure

erythropoietein

filtering units in the kidneys

glomerculus

Bowman's capsule

• glomerculus releases water and dissolved waste from the blood into the capsule and then through to the tubule
• inside the tubule, glucose, salts, amino acids, and any other substances that the body might require are aborbed back into the bloodstream
• what remains in the tube becomes urine
• urine flows through the series of collecting tubes, the renal pelvis that connects to the ureter, and on into the bladder

pharynx

air and food

epiglottis

larynx

voicebox

windpipe

bronchi

bronchioles

cup-shaped cavities that inflate with the inhaled air and exchange it for carbon dioxide from the adjacent blood capillaries. Exhalation causes the alveoli to deflate, and reverse air flow expels the carbon dioxide waste from the body

pleura