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First two great colonial powers were __and __à decline led to __prominenceà rivalries with __and __à (18th) __
- Spain
- Portugal
- Dutch
- England
- France
- Great Britain
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The Conquered
Different Regions= different effects
Native Americas
- a. Different regions= different effects
- i. Native Americans destroyed due to sophistication not being appreciated
- 1. Devastating losses of population from European diseases, ancent social and political structures replaced by European culture, religion, language, etc.
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The Conquered
Africa
- 1. Estimates of the population in W. Africa say that slave trade negated rather than declined population
- 2. Politically and socially, the slave trade encouraged growth of territiories, where leaders wared for slaves to trade for guns and powder
- a. Without slave trade, they were vulnerable
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The Conquered
Asia
- 1. Portuguese trading posts little impact
- 2. Dutch control of Indonesian archipelago pervasive
- 3. China and Japan little effect
- 4. India subject to British encroachment
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The Conquered
Central and South America
- 1. Multiracial due to intermarriage
- a. Spanish and Portuguese settlers were few in number and males
- i. Used females for sex and marriage
- b. Native American Indians+ Europeans= mestizos
- c. Africans brought in to work plantations
- i. Africans and whites= mulattoes
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The Conquered
Ecology
- 1. Europeans brought horses and cattle, advancing life of Indians
- a. Cattle farmingà growing maize and large estates for cattle raising
- b. S. America= great exporter of beef
- c. New crops and carried New World plants with them
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The Conquered
Catholic Missionaries
- i. Missionaries spread Christianity
- 1. Spanish and Portuguese determined to Christianize natives
- a. Policy gave Catholic church important role in New One, adding to its power
- 2. Missionaries brought Indians together into villages, where they were converted, taught trades, and encouraged to grow crops
- a. Missionaries controlled their lives and helped make sure they’d remain members of empire
- b. Missions served as military barriers to foreign encroachment
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The Conquered
Catholic Church
- 1. Constructed hospitals, orphanages, and schools
- a. Monastic schools taught Indians reading, writing, and arithmetic
- 2. For women= outlets through nunneries and religious order
- a. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
- i. One of Latin America’s best-known literary figures who wrote poetry and prose and promoted the education of women
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The Conquered
Church Missionaries
- 1. To china, especially the Jesuits
- a. Highly educated who knew philosophy and science, brought clocks,e tc.
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The Conquered
Catholic Church Jesuits and China
- 1. Used openness and similarities with Confucian ethics to help Chinese convert
- a. Effort undermined by squabbling among religious orders themselves
- 2. Allowed new Ctatholics to continue practice of ancestor worship to make conversion easier
- a. Jealous Dominicans and Franciscans complained to pope, who condemned it; Chinese authorities then began to suppress Christian activities throughout China
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The Conquered
Catholic Church Jesuits and Japan
- a. Converted local nobles
- b. Practice of destroying local idos and shrines and turning temples into Christian schools or churches led to execution of missionaries and Japanese converts after Spanish Franciscans tried it
- i. When missionaries tried to interfere in local politics, Tokugawa expelled all missionaries and persecuted Japanese Christians
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