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The West in Southeast Asia: Portugal
- a. Portugal’s efforts to dominate trade of SE Asia= unsuccessful
- i. Lacked numbers and wealth to overcome local resistence and colonize asian regions
- ii. Empire too large, but Portugal too small to maintain ità rivals, such as Spain, Dutch, English,
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The West in Southeast Asia: Spain
- i. Established selves in region where Magellan landed in Philippinesà Spanish gain control over Philippines, which became a major Spanish base in the trade across the Pacific
- 1. Spanish ships carried silk, etc. to Mexico for silver
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The West in Southeast Asia: Dutch and English
- a. Dutch and English: primary threat
- i. Better financed
- ii. Shift in power began in 17th c. when Dutch seized Portuguese fort in the Moluccas and pushed them out of spice trade
- 1. Next fifty years, Dutch occupied most of Portuguese coastal forts, along trade routes throughout Indian Ocean, including Ceylon, and seized Malacca in 1641
- a. Dutch drove English out too, restricting them to a single port on southern coast of Sumatra
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The West in Southeast Asia: Dutch
- i. Dutch began to consolidate their political and military control voer entire area
- 1. Java: established a fort at Batavia and found it necessary to bring inland regions under their control to protect their position
- a. On Java and Sumatra, the Dutch East Idia Company established pepper plantations, which was source of profits for Dutch merchants in Amsterdam
- 2. End of 18th: succeeded in bringing almost entire Indonesian archipelago under their control
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The West in Southeast Asia: Arrival of Europeans
i. Arrival of the Europeans had less impact on mainland SE Asia, where strong monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam resisted foreign encroachment
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The West in Southeast Asia: Arrival of Europeans 16th and 17th
- 1. 16th: Portuguese established limited trade relations with several mainland states, including Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam, and the remnants of the old Angkor kingdom in Cambodia
- 2. 17th: other nations followed and competed for trade and missionary privileges
- a. To gain advantages, the Europeans became involved in local factional disputes
- i. Yet, the nations united and drove them out
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The West in Southeast Asia: Vietnam
- 1. Arrival of Western merchants and missionaries coincided with period of internal conflict among ruling groups
- a. Expansionà civil warà division into north and south
- b. After their arrival in mid-17th, the European powers sided in politics, with Portuguese and Dutch supporting other factions
- i. They also set up trading posts for merchants, but most were abandoned when economic opportunities became limited
- c. French missionaries tried to remain , but opposed by authorities who saw Catholicism as threat to Vietnamese emperor
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a. Why were mainland states able to resist European challenge better than states in Malay world?
- 1. Cohesive nature of states,
- a. Malay had less
- b. Vietnam, Burma, and Thailand defined themselves as distinct political entities
- 2. Malay states victims of own resources
- a. Spice trade= profitable, leading to determination of Europeans to gain control, which led to control
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