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What does USDA stand for?
United States Department of Agriculture
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What does APHIS stand for?
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
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What does AC stand for?
Animal Care
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What does the animal welfare act do?
- protects animals in research, teaching, and exhibition
- covers transport, housing, and uses
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What is an animal use protocol?
write up how animal is used, what is done for pain, how animal is housed, how animal is fed, etc.
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How often does the animal welfare act inspectors inspect facilities? Do the investigators warn the facility when they are coming to inspect?
- inspect 1 - 2 times per year every 2 years
- inspections are unannounced
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Can the inspector fine a facility?
no, the inspector only writes up the report and then the agency reviews the report and decides what should be fined
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What does the animal welfare act protect? What does it not protect?
- protects warm blooded animals
- does not protect rats and mice, farm animals outside of research, reptiles, pets and pet shops, and animal shelters
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What regulates the Horse Protection Act?
the USDA
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What does the Horse Protection Act ban?
soring
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What is soring?
altering the horses tendons in order for them to be able to have a high step gait
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Why are mice and rats not covered by the Animal Welfare Act?
due to pharmaceutical testing and would cost too much $ to cover this in the act
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What are animals in research used for?
- drug discovery
- advances in dx, tx, and prevention of many health related conditions in man/animals
- biological/behavioral research
- teaching
- drug toxicity/product testing
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What are some examples of discoveries made by using animals for research?
- organ transplants
- polio vaccine and others
- discovery of insulin
- therapeutic use of antibiotics and anti-rejection drugs
- coronary artery bypass surgery
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What is The Guide?
- guide for the care and use of laboratory animals
- covers all animals used in research funded by public health services and national institute of health
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What does NIH stand for?
national institute of health
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What does IACUC stand for?
institutional animal care and use committee
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What does IACUC do?
reviews protocols before animal research is done and how animals will be cared for
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What are the two parts of the animal cause movement?
- animal welfare: ban pound animals in research and improves care of research animals
- animal rights: wants to end the use of animals in research
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What are the different animal rights organizations?
- PETA
- HSUS (humane society of the united states)
- AHS (american humane society)
- AVAR (association of veterinarians for animal rights)
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What does ALF stand for and what is it?
- Animal Liberation Front
- terrorist group
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What is the famous quote stated by the founder of PETA?
"a rat is a pig is a dog is a boy"
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What are the three R's (goals for welfare groups and USDA)?
- Refinement of techniques to reduce suffering (must provide analgesia)
- Reduction of numbers used
- Replacement of animal models (computer models, lower forms of life, artificial devices)
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What are some alternatives to animal uses?
- computer simulations
- in vitro testing (cell culture, genetic manipulation)
- realistic looking models
- Johns Hopkins CAAT (center for alternative animal testing)
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What does AWIC stand for and what is it?
- Animal Welfare Information Center
- clearing house for information about animals used in research
- investigators must check to see if experiments have been done before
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Are animal protection regulations federal?
no, they differ from state to state
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Who regulates animal protection?
- agriculture department
- state humane veterinarian
- humane investigators
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What forces animal protection in each town?
animal control and humane societies/pounds
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What is the difference between pounds and animal shelters?
- pounds are government agencies and are usually a part of the police department
- animal shelters are nonprofit organizations
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What organization over sees all research?
American Association for Lab Animal Science (AALAS)
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What does AAALAC stand for?
American Association for the Accreditation of Lab Animal Care
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What does ACLAM stand for?
American College of Lab Animal Medicine
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What does ASLAP stand for?
American Society of Lab Animal Practicitioners
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What are lab animal facilities designed to prevent?
prevent diseases by minimizing variables
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What variables are minimized and controlled in lab animal facilities?
- constant environment (temp, light, humidity)
- controlled ventilation (air changes, laminar flow)
- limited access
- special diets used
- caging set by regulations (size, type, # of animals, mesh)
- bedding
- extensive washing facilities
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What does "per diem" mean?
daily charge for an animal at a research facility
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What are the different CDC biosafety levels? Which levels need special facilities and training
- Levels I - IV
- Levels III and IV need to have special facilities
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Where does funding come from for level III and IV labs?
homeland security
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What do the CDC biosafety levels determine?
determines who can handle/manage infectious agents
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When something goes into a level IV lab, what happens to it before it comes out?
has to be incinerated...animal, feces, urine, blood, etc.
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What are the different jobs and the order from least training to most training for a lab tech?
- Assistant LAT (ALAT) - least training
- Lab Animal Technician (LAT)
- Lab Animal Technologist (LATG) - most training
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What is the role of lab techs?
- animal surveillance/tx
- diagnostics
- anesthesia
- assist in research procedures
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What do you have to do before you can enter a limited access area of a lab?
- shower when you go in and when you come out
- wear scrubs, cap, mask, gown, and shoe covers
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Which dog breeds are bred the most frequent for research?
beagles and labs
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Are are large animals used for in research?
- zoonotic diseases
- agriterrorism
- homeland security
- surgery (heart transplants)
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What are the different ways we can ventilate the air in a laboratory?
- hepa filters
- ventilated rack
- individual cage ventilators
- room ventilators
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What animals do we use to research immunosuppressive diseases?
- nude rats
- SCID (severely compromised immunodicifency)
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Why do we refrigerate the food for lab animals?
to keep unwanted vermin out (rats, mice, cockroaches)
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What are research diets?
can design a specific diet for the animals for a study
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Define specific pathogen free.
animals are free of a specific pathogen
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Define gnotobiotic.
animals with a known flora (usually bacteria)
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Define axenic.
- animals that are free of any organism (good or bad)
- animal is delivered by a C-section and kept in a sterile barrier sustained unit where they have no contact with animals or humans
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Define strains.
different genetic lines of a lab animal
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Define purpose bred.
bred by private companies for a study
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Define inbred.
what is done in rodents to create homozygousity (animals with the same genotype)
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Define hybrid.
mate two inbred strains
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Define transgenic.
moving genes from one animal to another
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Define knockout.
knocking out certain genes
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Define xenografts.
taking tissue from one animal and putting it in a person
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Are cage cards enough to identify the animals in the lab?
no, they must have identifications on them
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What are the different identifications we can use for lab animals?
- tattoo
- ear notch
- tags
- implanted chip
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How do we prevent disease in the laboratory?
- sentinel animals
- blood tests
- quarantine new animals
- embryo transfer at blastocyst stage
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What are sentinel animals?
- an animal that is not part of the study that is in with the other animals in the study and is occasionally tested
- 1 animal per 120 boxes
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What kind of blood tests do we do for disease prevention in the lab?
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When do we euthanize lab animals?
- if no more per diem (lose grant money)
- study is over
- to recover samples (necropsy)
- disease surveillance or problems seen
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