BIO 111 Chap 21

Poison

Noncellular infectious particle that cannot replicate on its own

• It has a protein coat around genetic material that may be DNA or RNA
• Some have a lipid envelope that covers their coat
• They have no ribosomes, cytoplasm or other metabolic machinery of its own
• Small - 25 to 300 nanometers

Must insert its genetic material into a cell of a specific organism

• Descendants of cell parasites whose function was taken over by the host cell
• Genetic elements that escaped from cells
• A separate evolutionary branch, that arose independently from the replication molecules that preceded cells

• Tobacco mosaic
• Bacteriophages
• Adenoviruses
• Enveloped virus

Helically arranged protein subunits from a rod around RNA

20 triangular surfaced head on the sheath (rod) to the tail fibers

20 sided naked (no envelope) with protein spikes at each corner

Enveloped virus with protein spikes protruding from the envelope

Ascorbic Acid

Causes adverse effect

• A disease-causing agent
•  
• Virus reproduction pathways
• Lytic Pathway
• Lysogenic Pathway

Makes more virus

Latent (hides)

• Attachment
• Penetration
• Replication and synthesis
• Assembly
• Release

Hybridization of bacteria and virus DNA

• Attachment
• Penetration
• Reverse transcriptase

An enzyme that catalyzes production of the DNA

• Hemagglutinin
• Neuraminidase

The swapping of genes between viruses that infect a host at the same time

• Rods (bacilli)
• Spheres (Cocci)
• Spirals (spirilla)

• Prokaryotic fission
• Duplication of DNA
• Tether
• Double in size
• Split

• Small circle of DNA that is separate from the bacterial chromosome
• Confer resistance to anti-biotic

A mechanism of horizontal gene transfer which involves transfer of a plasmid between prokaryotic cells

Cyanobacteria that carry out nitrogen fixation

Process of incorporating nitrogen from the air into ammonia

Bacteria that use light capturing chlorophylls and release oxygen

Cell in a chain that fix nitrogen (simular to mesophyll cell in C3 plants)

Discover archaeans and proposed the three domain system

• Methane producers
• Live in the gut or animals and in marshes
• Are strictly anaerobic (free oxygen kills them)

Salt Lovers

Heat lovers