Quiz 5

• Microbes produce proteases and peptidases -break proteins into amino acids(which can enter the cell).
• Amino acids broken into individual molicules, than enter Krebs cycle.
• Deamination- process where the amino group is removed from carbon backbone and coverted to amonium ion which is excreted as by product by the cell.

• lipase in the extras. fluid break down tri, di and monoglycerides.
• Glycerol enters glycolysis.
• Fatty acids enters Krebs cycle

Convertion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.Performed by cyanobacteria, algae, green plants. The chemical energy is then used to convert CO2from the atmosphere into more reduced organic compound. This is known as carbon fixation.

• 6 CO₂ + 12 H₂O +Light > C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ +6 H₂O
• water is the electron donor

• Called photphosphorylation - light energy used to convert ADP and Pi to ATP by 2 pathways:
• 1. Cyclyc photophosphorylation - less common pathway, no oxygen produced.
• 2. Non-Cyclic photophosphorylation - more common,

is a pigment that can absorb light (located in chloropasts)

• 1. Light excites 2 electrons from chlorophyll
• 2.Electrons eneter ETC
• 3. Electrons moved doen ETC, protons pumped across membrane
• 4. ADP and Pi covnerted to ATP by chemiosmosis
• 5. Electrons return to chlorophyll
• Therefore no Oxygen is produced.

• Same proces as in cyclic but the 2 electrons don't come back to chlorophyll, instead they incorporate into NADPH.
• Chlorophyll replaces his 2 electrons from H₂O (in oxygenic photosynthesis, cell exhale O2) or (H₂, or H₂S in anoxygenic photosytheis)

• NADPH and ATP are used to reduce CO₂ to form sugar molecule.
• To from 1 glucose, the cycle must turn 6 times (glycose-6carbon molec)

• Energy source
• Carbon source

Energy-light

Energy -organic or inorganic chemicals

Carbon source- CO₂

Carbon source - organic carbon

• Energy - light
• Carbon source - CO2
• ex. cynobacteria

• Energy - light
• Carbon source - organic compound

• Energy - chemical (inorganic compound H2S)
• Carbon source - CO2

• Energy - chemical
• Carbon source- organic compound
• Ex. humans
• energy and carbon source are usually the same organic compound (glucose)

metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism. The two are joined trhought a group of common intermediates.