Nervous System

What are two parts that make up the nervous system

what part of the nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord

what part of the nervous system contains blood vessels and connective tissues

what part of the nervous system functions in integrating and cooordinating to sensory data occuring inside and outside the body

what part of the nervous system motors commands to muscle and glands

what part of the nervous system functions in intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion

what part of the nervous system contains all neural tissue outside of cns

what system delivers sensory information to cns and carries motor commands back to peripheral tissues

what is another name for sensory neurons

what is another name for motor neurons

what are the two divisions of motor neurons and the effectors they innervate with

what division of motor neurons provides voluntary control of skeletal muscle

what division of motor neurons controls involuntary actiosn of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

what division of the ans controls involuntary actions under times of stress

what division of the ans controls involuntary actions during times of non-stress or to recover after a stress response

what carry sensory information from the body to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body in the pns

what are blood vessels, connective tissue, and bundles of nerve fibers called

what are nerves connected to the brain called

how many cranial nerves do we have

what are the nerves connected to the spinal cord called

how many spinal nerves are there

what carrry sensory information to the cns and motor info from the cns

what are the connective tissues that protect nerves

what connective tissue is the outer most protective layer of nerves

what connetive tissue surrounds the fascicles of neurons

what connective tissue surrounds each individual axon of a nerve

what type of cells protect and hold neurons together?

what are the 6 types of glia cells

what type of glia cells are found in the cns

what type of glia cells are found in the pns

what type of glial cell lines the central canal of the spinal cord and brain ventricles

what type of glial cell secretes and circulates cerebral spinal fluid

what type of glial cell maintains the blood-brain barrier, which protects brain tissue from harmful contents of blood

what type of glial cell maintains a 3d framework for the cns

what type of glial cell is the largest and most numerous

what type of glial cell moves to sites of neural damage to make structural repairs that stabilize the tissue preventing further damage

what type of glial cell guides the growht and interconnection of developing neurons in a developing embryo and fetus

what type of glial cell controls interstitial environment balance-ions, nutritents, absorbing and recycling neurotransmitters

what type of glial cell produces myelin which protects and unites axons and increase the speed of an impluse/action potential

what type of glial cell is very small, mobile, and are phagocytic WBC's that digest foregin matter, dead nervous tissue, and microorganisms

what type of glial cells surrond and protect a neurons cell body in ganglia

what type of glial cell supply nutrients to surrounding neurons and also aid in muscle repair and regeneration

what type of glial cell encloses all axons of the pns with a neurolemma, responsible for myelination of some peripheral axons and neuron repair

what type of cells send, receive, and interpret electrical and chemical signals between the body and brain

what type of cell does not have high regerneration abilites

what are the parts of a neuron

what part of neurons detect changes in temperature, pressure, or chemisty and initiates an electrical impulse that will travel along the neurons cell membrane to the body

what part of neurons receive an electrical impulsee via another neurons axon

what are the 3 types of dendrites

what type of dendrite provides info about touch, temp, and the senses of sight, hearing and both smell and taste

what type of dendrite monitors the position and movement/balance of skeletal muscles and joints

what type of dendrite monitors the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems and pain

what part of a neuron contains the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, RER

what part of a neuron is a long thin cytoplasmic extension of the soma that carries the impulse to the dendrite of the next neuron

what are the tips of an axon called

what are the four parts on an axon

what part of an axon is the protective sheath around it that increase the speed of an impulse

what part of an axon makes white matter, white

what part of an axon is responsible for the nuerolemma that surrounds axons in the pns

what part of an axon is the area between adjacent schwann cells where there is no myelin covering of the axon

what part of an axon is the outer cell membrane of a schwann cell

why don't cns nuerons regenerate

what are the 4 classifcations of neurons

what type of neuron are small, with no myelin or anatomical clues to distinguish dendrites from axons

what type of neurons are only found in the cns

what type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon and the cell body between them

what type of neuron plays an important role in relaying information concerning sight, smell, and hearing

what type of neuron has the axonal processes and denritic processes continuous and the cell body lies off to one side

what type of neuron may or may not be myelinated

what type of neuron have several dendrites and a single axon that may have one or more branches

what type of neuron are the most common type in the cns

what type of neuron are all motor neurons that control skeletal muscle with myelinated axons

what are the 3 funcitons of neurons

what function of neurons detect changes in the internal and external environment and send info to the cns

what function of neurons posses exteroceptros, proprioceptors, and interceptors

what function of neurons carry info from the cns to perpheral effectors

what are motor neurons connecting to volunatry skeletal muscles called

what are motor neurons connecting to involuntary cardiac muscle, smooth muscleor glands called

what function of neurons intergrate and distribute sensory ddate with the coordination of motor activity

What is the self spreading wave of electrical disturbance traveling the surface of the neurolemma called

what is the path of an impulse

what is the difference in electrical charges across a cell membrane at homeostasis called

what contains high concentrations of sodium ions and chorlide ions

contains high concentrations of potassium ions and negatively charged proteins

why doesn't diffusion continue until ions are evenly distributed

what is the movement of potassium ions out of the cell through potassium channels moved by

does sodium move into or out of the cell

why do potassium ions leave the cytoplasm more rapidly than sodium ions enter

is the IFC negative or positive

is the EFC negative or positive

what is the resting potential of a cell

What eliminates potential difference

what happens to the resistance that separates the charges if the current is small

what happens to the resistance that separates the charges if the current is large

How can the resistance of cell membranes be changed

what occurs at normal resting potential

what does the cell use to eject sodium ions and reclaim potassium ions

what exchanges 3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions and contributes to the negativity of the tansmembrane potential

what are the changes in the transmembrane potential that cannot spread far from the area surrounding the site of stimulation calleed

what is any shift in the transmembrane potential away from resting levels and toward 0 mV or above called

what is the loss of positive ions that produces a shift from resting potential away from 0 mV called 

what is caused by an open potassium channel increasing the loss of positive ions from the ICF

what is the process of restoring the normal resting potential after depolarization and occurs when a chemical stimulus is removed

what is the change in the transmembrane potential that spreads across an entire excitable membrane called

where are action potentials usually initiated

what stimulus initiates an action potential

what transmembrane potential occurs between -60mV and -55mV

what does a stimulus that lowers the resting potential from -70mV to -60mV produce

where can ions cross the cell membrane on an axon

what part of an axon can only respond to a depolarization stimulus

what is the process in which action potentials jump from node to node to speed up the action potential called

what is the space between neurons and neurons, neurons and muscles, or neurons and glands called

what does the impulse pass from and to at a synapse involving two neurons

what are the two types of snyapses

what type of synapse is direct physical contact between the cells

what type of synapse involves a neurotransmitter

where are electrical synapses found

what allows the impulse to travel between the common cell membranes quickly in an electrical synapse

do neurons touch at a chemical synaptic

what is the advantage of not allowing neurons to touch in a chemical synapse

what are the chemcial messengers between neurons or between neurons and effectors

what are 3 types of chemical synapses

what type of chemical synapse stimulates the nervous system by lowering the thresholds at synapses so taht neurons are easily excited

what type of chemical synapse treats seizure disorders by increasing the effectiveness of active sodium transport from inside the neuron to outside

what type of chemical synapse stabilizes the membrane thershold agaisnt too rapid stimulation

what type of chemical synapse keep the serotonin neurotrnasmittor in the synapse longer which helps symptoms of depression and anxiety amoung other

what type of neurotransmitters cause depolarization and promote action potentials

what type of neurotransmitter causes hyperpolarization and depress action potentials

where is acteylcholine released at

what 4 steps do drugs interfere with in the process of synaptic transmission

what is the widespread of paralysis of skeletal muscles called

what toxin is responsible for the primary symportoms of botulism

what blocks the release of ACh at the presynaptic membrane of cholingergic neurons

what causes a massive release of ACh that produces intense muscular cramps and spasms

how long and wide is the adult spinal cord

what is a shallow longitudinal groove along the posterior/dorsal surface of the spinal cord

what is the deep longitudinal groove along the anterior/ventral surface of the spinal cord called

where is the amount of gray matter increased on the spinal cord

what part of the spinal cord supplies nerves to the should girldes and upper limbs

what part of the spinal cord supplies nerves to the pelivic girdle and lower limbs

what are the 4 parts of spinal cord protection

what protects the spinal cord from physical contact with the vertebral canal and infection

what provides physical stability and shock absroption

what brances from the meninges and delivers oxygen and nutrients to cord

what forms the outermost dense covering of the spinal cord

what lies between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal

what contains loose connective tissue, blood vessels and a protective padding of adipose in the spinal cord

what causes temporary sensory and motor paralysis in the spinal cord

what provides longitudinal support for the spinal cord

what provides lateral support of the spinal cord

what is the thin subdural space that sperates the inner surface of the dura mater from the second layer

what lies beneath the arachnoid

what contains a delicate network of connective tissues that bathe in the csf

what is it called when a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the lower lumbar region

what 2 things are spinal taps used for

what is the innermost meninge where blood vessels that feed the cord lay

what extend from the pia mater through the arachnoid to the dura mater, prevent lateral movement of the cord

what marks the division between the left and right sides of the spinal cord

what does the white matter in the spinal cord contain

what does the gray matter of the spinal cord contain

what are projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the cord called

what are the cell bodes of neurons in the gray matter of the cord organized into

what type of gray matter contains somatic and visceral sensory neurons

what type of gray matter contains somatic motor neurons

what type of gray matter contains visceral motor neurons

what are the axons about and below the central canal that cross from one side tof the cord to the other

how many columns are myelinated axons of white matter divided into

what does each column of myelinated axons contain

what type of white matter lies between the anterior gray horns and the anterior median fissure

what type of white matter extends between the posterior gray horns and the anterior median fissure

what type of white matter lies between the anterior and posterior columns

what part of the pns are collections of neuron cell bodies

what part of the pns are bundles of axons

what part of the cns are gray matter on the surgace of the brain

what part of the cns are collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the cns

what is every spinal segment associated with that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

what contains the axons of the neurons in the dorsal root ganglia

waht brings sensory info into the spinal cord

what contains the aons of motor neurons and visceral effectors of spinal cord

why are spinal nerves classified as mixed nerves

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

what are the rapid automatic responses to stimuli called

what preserve homeostais by making quick adjustments in the function of organs and organ systems

what are the parts of the reflex arc

what are the 4 regions of the brain

what brain region contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and the midbrain

what part of the brain stem is the most inferior portion

what part of the brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord superior to the magnum foramen

what parts of the brain stem are made up of mexed gray and white matter

what are the vital functions of the medulla oblongata

what are some functions of the medulla oblongata

what part of the brain stem relays all messages between the spinal cord and brain

what part of the brain stem is found superior to the medulla oblongata and is inferior to the midbrain

what are the functions of the pons

what part of the brain stem is found superior to the pons

what are the functions of the midbrain

what brain region is the second largest portion of the brain

what brain region is found posterior to the brain stem and is inferior to the posterior cerebrum

where is white matter located on the cerebellum

where is gray matter located on the cerebellum

what are the functions of the cerebellum

what brain region consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus

what part of the diencephalon is separated by the 3rd ventricle

what part of the diencephalon is superior to the midbrain and inferior to the cerebrum

what part of the diencephalon consists of two masses of gray matter, partially covered with white matter

what are the functions of the thalamus

what part of the diencephalon is located anterior to the midbrain and posterior to the frontal lobe of cerebrum

what part of the diencephalon mainly consists of gray matter

what are the functions of the hypothalamus

what is located between the cerebrum and diencephalon

what are the functios of the diencephalon

what brain region is the largests

what brain region the most superior, anterior, and posterior portion of the CNS

what brain region consists of a thin outer cortex of gray matter with a thicker inner portion of white matter containing tracts of gray matter

what are the 3 ares of functions of the cerebrum

what part of the cerebrum is gray matter within white matter that initiates skeletal muscle contraction and coordination

what part of the cerebrum connects neurons within the same hemisphere and between hemisphere

what is the long, deepest groove of the cerebrum

what are the grooves, usually shallow, of the cerebrum

what are the elevated ridges of the cerebrum

what is the white matter that connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain

what part of the brain are cavities lines with ependyma cells that make and transport CSF

what ventricles are an enlarged ventricular chamber found side by side in each hemispheree

what are the first and second ventricles seperated by

what ventricle is located within the diencephalon just below the lateral ventricles

what connects the lateral venticles to the 3rd ventricle

what do the laterial verticles use to communicate

what ventricle is located posterior to the pons, anterior to teh cerebellum, and extends down into the medulla oblongata

how do the third and fourth ventricles connects

what ventricle extends down into the central canal of the spinal cord

what is CSF produced by

how is CSF moved from the ventricles

what protects the brain

what disorder is the lack or loss of memory, especially inablility to recall past expierences

what disorder is caused by degeneration of motor neurons and atrophy of muscles and the hardening of the lateral regions of the spinal cord

what disorder is also called presenile dementia

what disorder is a degenerative disorder characterized by a loss of cells from the cerebral cortex and areas of teh limbic system and loss of memory for recent events

what disorder is caused by an inflammation of the facial nerve and includes facial paralysis and reudced taste sensation

what disorder is an abnormal lens of the eye that has lost its tranparency, causing cloudy, obscured vision

what disorder is a term applied to a number of motor disorders resulting in from CNS damage at birth

what disorder is caused by brain ischemia(blood deficiency)

what disorder is more commonly known as a stroke and is the most common neurologic disability

what disorder is brain trauma caused by the head being hit in which neurons are distorted and includes loss of consciousness, headache, nausea, confusion, light sensitivety, seizures, unequal pupils

what disorder is a general term for mental deterioarion

what disorder is a neoplasm or tumor of glial cells, brain cells, and or spinal cord

what disorder is a heredity disease characterized by jerky, involuntary movements and mental deterioration

what disorder is caused by interference with the normal circulation and reabsorption of CSF, also called water on the brain

what disorder is caused by bacterial infection, it causes skin lesions and pain cessation. without feeling pain, minor injuries and infections can become life threatening

what disorder occurs when myelin sheaths of the CNS deteriorate and are replaced by scar tissue, disrupting vision, speech, strength, balance and excretion control, and pain

what disorder is a progressive loss of motor funciton due to teh degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons

what disorder is caused by the chickenpox virus and is stored and controlled by the dorsal root ganglia

what disorder causes pain, skin discoloration, fluid filled vessicles which appear on the chest and waist, often on 1 side of the body and can last up to 6 months

what disorder is a congenital defect resulting from the failure of one or more vertebrae to form a complete enclosure around the spinal cord

what disorder is most common in the lubrosarcal region, includes no functional problems to lack of bladder and bowel control and paralysis

what disoder is fainting that occurs dues to emotional stress, decreased blood pressue or cardia distress