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Appeal to Unqualified Authority
- Argumentum ad Verecundiam
- claim made by someone unqualified to make that particular claim
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Appeal to Ignorance
- Argumentum an Ignorantiam
- "It's so because no-one can disprove it"
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Hasty Generalization
- Converse Accident
- to generalize from a small example
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Fallacy of Accident
- Dicto Simpliciter
- Sweeping Generalization
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Non Causa Pro Causa
- premise does not follow conclusion
- the argument mistakes the cause for the effect
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Reversing Cause and Effect
The argument asserts a-->b when causally b--->a or a-->b-->a they feed off of eachother
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post hoc, ergo proptor hoc
- after this therefore on account of this
- the fallacy presupposes just because one event precedes another event the first event is the cause of the second
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Oversimplified Cause
occurs when a multitude of causes is responsible for a certain effect but the arguer selects just one of these causes and represents it as if it were the sole cause
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Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
asserts a is a cause and only cause of b, a is a necessary cause of b~assumes only one way a can cause b
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Slippery Slope
- The Thin End of the Wedge, The Camel's Nose, The Fallacy of the Beard, The Domino Fallacy
- A-->B-->C-->D D is really bad and will come if A, A caused of D is to tenuous to be credible
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Weak Analogy
the analogy is not strong enough to support the conclusion
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Appeal to Force
Argumentum ad Baculum
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Appeal to Fear
Argumentum ad Metum
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Appeal to Pity
Argumentum ad Misericordiam
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Appeal to Spite
Argumentum ad Odium
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Appeal to the People
- Argumentum ad Populum
- everybody is doing it
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Bandwagon Argument
Mob Appeal
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Appeal to Vanity, Snobbery, Pride, Success or Wealth
if you A you will be beautiful, higher class, great, succuessful, or wealthy
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Argumentum Ad Hominem
Argument Against the Person
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Ad Hominem Abusive
attacks the speaker
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Ad Hominem Circumstantial
attacks the speakers motives ~ "Of course he wants it he will earn a fortune off of it"
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Ad Hominem tu quoque
attacking hypocracy ~ "well you do it too"
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Poisoning the Well
discrediting the speaker before the argument is given
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Genetic Fallacy
attacking the origin of the argument
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Missing the Point
- Ignoratio Elenci
- draw a conclusion that doesn't follow the premise or the conclusion is very broad
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Straw Man
taking the argument to the extreme and then attacking the extreme argument
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Red Herring
avoiding the initial argument going off on a different but some what related topic
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Begging the Question
- Petitio Principii, Vicious Circle
- the wuestion presupposes you already accept the conclusion
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False Dichotomy
- Bifurcation, False Dilemma, Black-and-White Fallacy, Either/Or Fallacy
- Illigetimate inference in either/or
- either you A or something really bad will happen
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Equivocation
- a play on words having different meanings
- based on a single term
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Amphiboly
misinterpreting meanings 'slow deaf child area'
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Composition
- is committed when the conclusion of an argument depends on the erroneous transference of an attribute from the parts of something onto the whole
- each atom in this piece of chalk is invisible so the chalk is invisible
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Division
- reverse of composition
- is committed when the conclusion of an argument depends of the erronious transference of an attribute from the whole (or a class) onto it's parts (or members)
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Special Pleading
- a fallacy in which a person applies standards, principles, rules, etc. to others while proposing that he (or those he has a special interest in) should be exempt, without providing adequate justification for the exemption.
- "Barbara accepts that all murderers should be punished for their crimes. Although she murdered Bill, Barbara claims she is an exception because she really would not like going to prison. Therefore, the standard of punishing murderers should not be applied to her."
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