-
Those alkanes that have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by a member of the halogen group.
- Alkyl Halides
- or
- Haloalkanes
-
they have the general formula - RX
where:
R = a chain of carbons
X = a halogen
- Alkyl Halides
- or
- Haloalkanes
-
Alkanes typically undergo substitution or replacement reactions
- Alkyl Halides
- or
- Haloalkanes
-
when one of the hydrogens is replaced with Chlorine in the compound methane, we are left with the following
- Methyl chloride
- or
- Chloromethane
-
Cl
|
- C - Cl
|
- Methyl dichloride
- or
- Dichloromethane
- or
- Methylene chloride
-
Cl
|
Cl - C - Cl
|
- Methyl trichloride
- or
- Trichloromethane
- or
- Chloroform
-
Cl
|
Cl - C - Cl
|
Cl
- Methyl tetrachloride
- or
- Tetrachloromethane
- or
- Carbon tetrachloride
- or
- Carbon tet
once commonly used as a solvents refrigerent & in fire extinguisher
-
Derivatives of hydrocarbons in which at least one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxide group
alcohols
-
hydroxide group
functional group for alcohols
-OH
-
a particular arrangement of a few atoms that gives an organic molecule certain characteristic properties
functional group
-
general formula for the alcohols
- ROH
- R = a chain of carbons
- OH = this class' functional group
-
alcohol IUPAC name ending
-ol
-
for alcohols, replace the "e" ending of an alkane with
-ol
-
the alcohol derived from methane is
methanol
-
the alcohol derived from ethane is
ethanol
-
alcohols can be classified in two ways:
- 1. according to the number of hydroxide groups present
- 2. according to the position of the hydroxide group
-
those alcohols that contain only one hydroxide group
monohydric alcohols
-
monohydric alcohols are subdivided to the position of the hydroxide group
- Primary alcohol
- Secondary alcohol
- Tertiary alcohol
-
a monohydric alcohol in which the hydroxide group is attached to a carbon which in turn is attached to no more than one other carbon
Primary alcohol
-
the hydroxide is attached to an end carbon
Primary alcohol
-
these are formed by the oxidation of an alkane on an end carbon
Primary alcohol
-
Primary alcohol
|
- C - OH
|
- Methanol
- or
- Methyl alcohol
- or
- Hydroxymethane
- or
- wood alcohol
- or
- Carbinol
-
Primary alcohol
| |
- C - C - OH
| |
- Ethanol
- or
- Ethyl alcohol
- or
- Hydroxyethane
- or
- grain alcohol
-
Primary alcohol
| | |
- C - C - C - OH
| | |
- 1-propanol
- or
- 1-propylalcohol
- or
- 1-hydroxypropane
-
a monohydric alcohol in which the hydroxide group is attached to a carbon which in turn is attached to two other carbons
Secondary alcohol
-
the hydroxide group (OH) is attached to an INNER carbon
Secondary alcohol
-
formed by the oxidation of an alkane on an INNER carbon
Secondary alcohol
-
for there to be an inner carbon there must be at least three
Secondary alcohol
-
Secondary alcohol
OH
| | |
- C - C - C -
| | |
- 2-propanol
- or
- 2-propyl alcohol
- or
- 2-hydroxypropane
- or
- isopropanol
- or
- isopropylalcohol
- or
- IPA
- or
- rubbing alcohol
-
a monohydric alcohol in which the hydroxide group is attached to a carbon which in turn is attached to three other carbons
Tertiary alcohol
-
Tertiary alcohol
OH
| | |
- C - C - C -
| | |
- C -
|
- 2-methyl-2-hydroxy propane
- or
- Tert-butyl alcohol
-
those alcohols that contain two hydroxide groups
Dihydric alcohols
-
as a group they are refered to as the glycols
Dihydric alcohols
-
this group is commonly used in embalming fluids as humectants
Dihydric alcohols
-
Dihydric alcohols
OH
|
- C - OH
|
- Methanediol
- or
- Dihydroxymethane
- or
- Methylene glycol
-
Dihydric alcohols
OH
| |
- C - C -
| |
OH
- 1,1-ethanediol
- or
- 1,1-dihydroxyethane
-
Dihydric alcohols
OH OH
| |
- C - C -
| |
- 1,2-ethanediol
- or
- 1,2-dihydroxyethane
- or
- Ethylene glycol
a common substance in anti-freeze
-
those alcohols that contain three hydroxide groups
Trihydric alcohols
-
Trihydric alcohols
OH OH OH
| | |
- C - C - C -
| | |
- 1,2,3-propanetriol
- or
- 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane
- or
- Glycerol
- or
- Glycerine
it's used as a humectant (moisture retainer)
it helps to facilitate the solubility and perfusion of formaldehyde
-
those alcohols that contain many hydroxide groups
Polyhydric alcohols
-
Polyhydric alcohols
OH OH OH OH OH OH
| | | | | |
- C - C - C - C - C - C -
| | | | | |
- 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexanehexaol
- or
- 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydroxyhexane
- or
- 1,2,3,4,5,6-polyhydroxyhexane
- or
- sorbitol
commonly used humectant in embalming fluids
-
organic compounds characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group on an end carbon
aldehydes
-
a carbonyl group is a carbon with a double bonded oxygen
aldehydes
-
O
||
C
this is the functional group for the aldehydes
it's what makes an aldehyde an aldehyde
-
compounds that result from the partial oxidation of a primary alcohol
aldehydes
-
oxidation occurs at the location of the hydroxide group on the alcohol
aldehydes
-
the general formula for the aldehydes
- RCHO
- where:
- R = a chain of carbons
- CHO = this class' functional group
-
the aldehydes characterisitc IUPAC name ending is
-al
-
replace the "ol" ending of the alcohol name with al
aldehydes
-
the aldehyde derived from methanol
- methanal
- or
- methylaldehyde
- or
- formaldehyde
- or
- oxymethylene
-
the aldehyde derived from ethanol
- O H
- \\ |
- C - C - H
- / |
- H H
- Ethanal
- or
- Ethylaldehyde
- or
- Acetaldehyde
this is a toxin produced by the metabolism of grain alcohol that causes many of the symptoms of a hangover
-
those aldehydes characterized by carbonyl groups at both ends of the chain
dialdehydes
-
dialdehydes IUPAC name ending
-dial
-
dialdehydes
O H H H O
\\ | | | //
C - C - C - C - C
/ | | | \
H H H H H
- 1,5-pentanedial
- Glutaraldehyde
a very commonly used disinfectant
can also be used as a preservative
-
known as ORGANIC ACIDS
carboxylic acids
-
organic compounds characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group on an end carbon
carboxylic acids
-
a carbon with a double bonded oxygen and a hydroxide group
carboxylic acids
- O the functional group for the carboxylic acids
- ||
- C - OH it's what makes them what they are
-
compounds that result from the complete oxydation of an aldehyde
carboxylic acids
-
oxidation occurs on the same carbon where the double bonded oxygen of the aldehyde is attached
carboxylic acids
-
the general formula for the carboxylic acids
- RCOOH
- where:
- R = a chain of carbons
- COOH = this class' functional group
-
the characteristic IUPAC name ending for carboxylic acids
-oic plus the word "acid"
-
replace the "al" ending of the aldehyde name with oic and add the word "acid"
carboxylic acids
-
the carboxylic acid derived from methanal
- methanoic acid
- or
- formic acid
-
the carboxylic acid derived from ethanal
- O H
- \\ |
- C - C - H
- / |
- OH H
- ethanoic acid
- or
- acetic acid
a major compound of vinegar
-
organic compounds characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group on an inner carbon
ketones
-
a carbon with a double bonded oxygen
a carbonyl group
-
O
||
C
the functional group for the ketones as well as aldehydes
it's what makes them what they are
-
compounds that result from the complete oxidation of a secondary alcohol
ketones
-
oxidation occurs at the location of the hydroxide group on the alcohol
ketones
-
the general formula for the ketones
- RCOR
- where:
- R = a chain of carbons
- CO = this class' functional group
-
the characteristic ketone IUPAC name ending
-one
-
for ketones replace the "ol" ending of the alcohol name with
"-one"
-
the ketone derived from 2-propanol is
- O
- | || |
- - C - C - C -
- | |
- propanone
- or
- Dimethyl ketone
- or
- Acetone
the most commonly used organic solvent
-
|
|
