Anatomy

The median plane is the midline longitudinal plane dividing the head and the torso into right nad left halves. The presence of the sectioned midline of the vertebral coumn and spinal cord is charcteristic of this plane. The median plane is the middle sagittal (mid-sagittal) plane.

The coronal or frontal plane is a longitudinal plane dividing the body (head, torso, limbs) ori tis parts into front and back halves or parts.

The coronal or frontal plane is a longitudinal plane dividing the body (head, torso, limbs) or its parts into front and back halves or parts.

The transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower halves or parts 9cross sections) It is perpendicular to the longitudinal planes. Transverse planes may be horizontal planes of the upright body. Transverse planes are call "axial' or "transaxial" sections/slices by radiologists.

These terms refer to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure of the body.lThese terms are not used with respect to the limbs.

These terms refer to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body. The term "anterior" is preferred.

These terms refer to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body. The term "posterior" is preferred.

This term refers to a structure that is closer to the median plane than another structure in the body. "Medial" is not synonymous with "median".

This term refers to a structure that is further away from the median plan than another structure in the body.

Emplyed only with reference to the limbs, this term refers to a struture being closer to the median plane or root of the limb than another structure in the limb.

Employed only with referene to the limbs, this term refers to a structure being further away from teh median plane or the root of the limb than another structure in the limb.

These terms refer to a structure being closer to the feet or the lower part of the body than another structure in teh body. These terms are not used with respect to the limbs.

The term "superficial" is synonymous with external, the term "deep" with internal. Related to the reference point on the chest wall, a structure closer to the surface of the body is superficial; a structure furhter away from the surface is deep.

The term "ipsilateral" means "on the same side' (in htis case, as thereferce point); "contraletral" means "on the opposite side" of the reference point.

forehead

temple

eye, cavity/walls

nose, cavity/walls

cheek

mouth cavity

lower jaw

front of neck

side of neck

above clavicle

anterior chest

abdomen

groin

pelvis

genital region

femal genitals

between pubis and coccyx

shoulder/upper arm

armpit

front of elbow

forearm

wrist

palm

fingers

hip

thigh

knee cap

leg

lateral leg

ankle

top

toes

top and sides of head

back of head

shoulder blade

back of neck

shoulder blade

spinal column

along side spinal column

posterior chest

lower back

vertebro-pelvic joint

posterior pelvis

tail bone

top of shoulder

shoulder/upper arm

arm

elbow

forearm

wrist

back of hand

fingers

buttock

thigh

back of knee

leg

ankle

sole

toes

Occupied by the brain and its coverings, cranial nerves, and blood vessels. The bony walls are lined by the dura mater.

Houses the spinal cord, its coverings, related vessels, and nerve roots. Dura mater is continouous with cranial dura at the faramen magnum.

contains the lungs, heart, and other structures (tubular airways, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves) in the chest. The roof of the cavity is membranous, the floor is the muscular thoracic diaphragm. The middle has the mediastinum that separates it into left and right parts. The internal surface of each is lined with a serous membrane called pleura.

contains the gastrointestinal tract and related glands, the urinary tract, and great numbers of vessels and nerves, has muscular walls anterolaterally, the lower ribs and muscle laterally, and the lumbar vertebrae posteriorly. The roof isi the thoracic diaphragm. The abdominal and pelvic cavity are continous and share the muscular pelvic floor.

contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs, has muscular walls anteriorly, bony walls laterally, and the sacrum posteriorly. The internal surface is lined by a serous membrane called the peritoneum.

the end of a long bone or any part of a bone separated from teh main body of an immature bone by cartilage. It is largely cencellous bone, and its articulating surgace is lined with 3-5 mm of hyaline (articular) cartilage. The epiphysis is supplied by vessels from teh joint capsule.

the diaphysis is the shaft or central part of a long bone, It has marrow-filled cavity (medullary cavity) surrounded by compact bone which is lined externally by periosteum and internally by endosteum.

smooth, slippery, porous, malleable, insensitive, and bloodless. the degenerative process of arthritis involves the breakdown and fibrillation of articular cartilage.

fibrous, cellular, vascular, and highly sensitive life support sheath for bone, providing nutrient blood for bone cells and a source of osteoprogenitor cells. It does not cover articular cartilage.

consists of interwoven beams (trabeculae) of bone in the epiphyses of long bones, the bodies of the vertebrae, and other bones without cavities. The spaces are filled with red or yellow marow and blood vessels.

dense bone characerized in long bones by microscopic hollow cylinders of bone (haversian systems) interwonev with non-cylindrical lamellae of bone. It forms the stout walls of the diaphysis of long bones and the thinner outer surface of other bones whre there is no articular cartilage-e.g., the flat bones of the skull.

cavity of the diaphysis. It contains marrow: red in the young, turning to yellow in many long bones in maturity. It is lined by endosteal tissue (thin connective tissue with many osteoprogenitor cells).

Red, gelatinous substance composed of red and white blood cells in a varitey of developmental forms 9hematopoietic tissue) and specialized capillaries (sinusoids) enmeshed in reticular tissue. In adults, red marrow is generally limited to the sternum, vertebrae, hip bones, clavicles, and cranial bones.

fatty connective tissue that is not productive of blood cells. It replaces red marrow in the epiphyses and medullary cavities of long bones, and cancellous bone of other bones.

principal artery and major supplier of oxygen and nutrients to the shaft or body of a bone; its branches snake through the labyrinthine cnals of the haversian systems and other tubular cavitis of bones.

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs and hyoid bone

pectoral and pelvic girdles, bones of the arms, forearms, wrists, hands, thighs, legs, and feet.

Synarthroses- in articulating bones connected by fibrous tissue.

teeth in their sockets

partly movable fibrous joints

synchondroses- immovable joints seen during growth

partly movable-intevertebral disc

partly movable fibrocartilagious joints

diarthroses-freely movable withinligamentous limits and the bony architecture.

Ball & Socket; Hinge; Saddle; Ellipsoid; Pivot; Gliding

Occipital; Parietal; Frontal; Temporal; Ethmoid; Sphenoid

Nasal; Vomer; Lacrimal; Zygomatic; Palatine; Maxilla; Mandible; Inferior Nasal Concha