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Miscellaneous Chemistry
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emperical formula
the lowest molar ratio between elements
molecular formula
the actual formula for a molecule (multiple of the emperical formula); doesn't guarantee a unique identity
isomers
different substances with the same molecular formula
solute
the substance being dissolved
solvent
the substance dissolving a solute
solution
a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent
molarity
moles solute/ liter solution
molality
moles solute/ kg solvent
dilution formula
M
1
V
1
=M
2
V
2
dual nature of matter
particles of matter can also act like waves
ground state
the resting place (lowest energy) for e
-
excited state
when e
-
have been raised to a higher energy state than normal
absorption
when e
-
move to a higher ordit due to added energy
emission
e
-
move to a lower orbit and release energy
heisenbergs uncertainty principle
the position and momentum of an electron can never simultaneously be determined
aufbau principle
the buildup pattern of electrons (1s, 2s, 2p...)
hunds rule
e
-
spread out into open orbitals in the same subshell and have the same spin
pauli's exclusion principle
no two e
-
in the same subshell can have the same set of quantum numbers
diamagnetic
all e
-
in an element are paired
paramagnetic
one or more e
-
in an element are left unpaired
shielding
the outermost e
-
is shielded from the pull of the nucleus from the inner e
-
ionization energy
the amount of energy required to remove the outermost e
-
from an atom in its gaseous state
electron affinity
the amount of energy given off when an element gains an electron
intermolecular forces (IMFs)
attractions between molecules
london dispesion forces (LDFs)
temporary attractions between any colliding molecule
dipole-dipole IMFs
attractions between polar molecules
hydrogen bonding
unusually strong dipole-dipole that results with a molecule that contains H attached to F, O, or N
ionic boning
electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
catalyst
a substance that lowers the Ea for a reaction
LeChatelier's Principle
a system at equilibrim will resist change by shifting in the directin needed to minimize the impact of the cange
Arrhenius acid/base definition
acid
: produces H
+
base: produces OH
-
Bronsted-Lowry acid/base definition
acid
: donates H
+
base
: accepts H
+
Lewis acid/base definition
acid
: accepts e
-
base
: donates e
-
strong bases
IA hydroxides
common weak bases
conjugate base of weak acids
ammonia and its derivatives
buffers
a weak acid and its conjugate base
a weak base and its conjugate cid
endpoint
indicator changes colors
midpoint
1/2 way to the equivalence point
diffusion
the process of a gas at high concentration spreading itself on to areas of lower concentration
effusion
the process of a gas traveling out of its container through a small hole into a vacuum
Author
blankdr14
ID
190497
Card Set
Miscellaneous Chemistry
Description
Chem
Updated
2012-12-23T16:44:15Z
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