Miscellaneous Chemistry

the lowest molar ratio between elements

the actual formula for a molecule (multiple of the emperical formula); doesn't guarantee a unique identity

different substances with the same molecular formula

the substance being dissolved

the substance dissolving a solute

a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent

moles solute/ liter solution

moles solute/ kg solvent

M₁V₁=M₂V₂

particles of matter can also act like waves

the resting place (lowest energy) for e^-

when e^- have been raised to a higher energy state than normal

when e^- move to a higher ordit due to added energy

e^- move to a lower orbit and release energy

the position and momentum of an electron can never simultaneously be determined

the buildup pattern of electrons (1s, 2s, 2p...)

e^- spread out into open orbitals in the same subshell and have the same spin

no two e^- in the same subshell can have the same set of quantum numbers

all e^- in an element are paired

one or more e^- in an element are left unpaired

the outermost e^-  is shielded from the pull of the nucleus from the inner e^-

the amount of energy required to remove the outermost e^- from an atom in its gaseous state

the amount of energy given off when an element gains an electron

attractions between molecules

temporary attractions between any colliding molecule

attractions between polar molecules

unusually strong dipole-dipole that results with a molecule that contains H attached to F, O, or N

electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

a substance that lowers the Ea for a reaction

a system at equilibrim will resist change by shifting in the directin needed to minimize the impact of the cange

• acid: produces H⁺
• base: produces OH^-

• acid: donates H⁺
• base: accepts H⁺

• acid: accepts e^-
• base: donates e^-

IA hydroxides

• conjugate base of weak acids
• ammonia and its derivatives

• a weak acid and its conjugate base
• a weak base and its conjugate cid

indicator changes colors

1/2 way to the equivalence point

the process of a gas at high concentration spreading itself on to areas of lower concentration

the process of a gas traveling out of its container through a small hole into a vacuum