Chapter 12

• Painters: Frederic Church, Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughtry. Asher Durand
• wanted to express wild nature

The Last of the mochicans and The Deerslayer

• Leaves of Grass (1855)
• Celebrated Democracy, individual liberty

Moby Dick (1851)

The Raven (1845)

Believed that the duty of the intellectual was to defend the southeren lifestyle and to defend slavery.

Focused on ordinary people and poor whites

• Nature 1836- Argued self fulfillment through communion with nature
• Self-Reliance 1841- called for individual to fully explore inner unity with universe
• The american Scholar 1837- argued beauty from instant vs. Learning

• Walden 1845- him simply living in the woods
• Resistance to civil gov 1849- gov that required violation of personal morality not legitimate.

• George Ripley: established brook farm in 1841 in MA. Created community that would permit full opportunity for self realization, equal lanor, and share leisure
• Nathanial Hawthorne: The Blithedale Romance 1852- Submission equals oppression; Scarlet letter 1850
• Robert Owen: 1825, New Harmony in Ind. Economic failure

Women of the 19th Century (1844) Femminist ideas

• Oneida Community
• Perfectionist
• Communal raising of children

Shaker Society- Committed to celibacy, equality of sexes, God neither male nor female.

• 1830
• wrote Book of Mormon
• Killed by mob

• Replaced Smith after death
• Led exodus to Salt Lake City

• New light revivalists. Believed every individual capable of salvation.
• Important Leader

• Alcohol seen as responsible for crime, disorder, and poverty
• Western Temperance Society (1840)
• American society for the promotion of temperance (1826)

• Hydrotherapy
• New diet theories

• German
• Phrenology- shape and region of skull determines character and intelligence
• 1830s

• Educated electorate essential to work freepolitical system
• lenthened academic year. Gave better teacher salaries and training
• US literacy highest rate in world

• Grimke sisters
• stowe sisters
• lucrecia matt
• elizabeth cady stanton
• dorthy dix

"Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions"

• 1817
• Virginians who wanted manumission and transportation out of country but also wanted to maintain proerty rights by compensating slave holder
• 1830 Liberia

• Founded Liberator in 1831
• looked from black perspective and encourged other to do so also
• New england antislavery society 1832

• Escaped slavery
• North Star
• Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass (1845)

• 1839
• slaves seized ship, tried to return to africa
• supreme court declared them free

ruled states need not enforce 1793 law requiring return of fugitive slaves

• 1851
• Uncle Tom's Cabin