-
what is the form of regulation wehre the end product slows the process
negative feedback loop
-
what is an example of a negative feedback loop
- blood sugar (glucagon and insulin)
- body temp (sweat)
-
what is the form of regulation where the end product accelerates the process
positive feedback loop
-
what is an example of a positive feedback loop
- oxytocin during pregnancy/ labor
- global warmign
-
how many variables should be tested in an experiment
2
-
what makes a good hypothesis
if its testable
-
what should be included in a hypothesis
clearly show what variables are being tested
-
what does it mean that water is a polar molecule
- a water molecule has an uneven charge distributed
- oxygen pulls more on the electrons shared in the molecule
-
what happens to the pH of a solution if an acid is added to it
pH decrease becoming more acidic
-
what happens to the pH if the base is added
increases becoming more basic
-
what are the elements that make up living organisms
- carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- phossphorus
- sulfur
-
how can there be great diversity of life when its all built on the same elements
change parts around to created different size and shape because size and shape deteremine funciton so any variation creates diversity
-
what is the difference between monomers and polymers
monomers compose polymers which compose marcromolecules
-
what are the polymers of carbs
monosaccharides,glycogen
-
what are the monomers of carbs
fructose, glucose
-
what are the polymers of nucleic acid
DNA/RNA
-
what are the monomers of nucleic acids
nucleotides
-
what are the polymers of lipids
fats, wa, oils
-
what are the monomers of lipids
-
what is the polymer of proteins
amino acid
-
what are the monomers of proteins
collagen, enzymes
-
what are the covalent bonds formed between amino acids via dehydration synthesis called
pepetide bonds
-
how are saturated fats different from unsaturated fats
- saturated fats have a series of single bonds between carbohydrogen chain
- unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds between carbon and hydrogen
-
what is the seperation of a cell and its parts using a centrifuge at high speeds used to study individual cell parts called
cell fractionation
-
why is cell fractionation used
to prepare cell components in bulk
-
how are free ribosomes different from attached ribosomes
- free ribiosomes are suspended in cytosol; make proteins for use in cell
- attached ribosomes are attached to the ER to make proteins for export to other cells
-
what organelle produces secretory proteins that help move materials within a cell
rough er
-
what organ needs the rough er
pancreas
-
what organelle functions in the synthesis of lipids; detoxification of poisions, stores calcium ions
smooth er
-
what cells need the smooth er
muscle cells
-
what organ needs the smooth er
liver
-
what organelle modifies proteins and carbs and ships out materials
golgi apparatus
-
what cells need the golgi apparatus
body cells
-
what organelle contains DNA and protins, controls chromosomes and is in the center
nucleus
-
what cells need the nucleus
body cells; sex cells
-
what organelle is used to enclose materials as they move throughout the cell
transport vesicles
-
what cells need transport vesicles
hormones
-
what organelles need transport vesicles
-
what organelle removes hydrogen ions from substates and break down fatty acids and alcohol
peroxisomes
-
what cells need peroxisomes
leaf cell
-
what organ needs peroxisomes
liver
-
what organelle maintains cell shape and cell motility
microtubules
-
what cells need mircortubules
body cells
-
what organelle is the site of cellular respiration
mitochondria
-
what cells need mitochondria
-
what organelle is the site of photosyntheis
chloroplasts
-
what is the pathway a protein would take from instructions to when it is secreted from the cell
- DNA, RNA, ribosome, rough ER
- or DNA, RNA, ribosome, golgi body, transport vesicle
-
what organelles are essential for the produciton of glycoproteins
rough er and golgi apparatus
-
what type of molecules are moved through diffusion
small, non-polar
-
what type of molecules are moved through facilitated diffusion
polar, large, or charged
-
what type of molecules are moved through active transport
-
what is the movement of molecules for diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
hight ot low
-
what is the movement of molecules for active transport
low to high
-
what affect do anabolic reactions have on entropy
decrease entropy by creating more complex structures
-
what affect does hydrolysis have on entropy
increases entropy by breaking things down
-
what affect does respiration have on entropy
increases entropy by increasing carbon dioxide and increasing heat by breaking down glucose
-
what affect does digestion have on entropy
increases entropy by breaking down molecules
-
what affect do catabolic reactions have on entropy
increases entropy by breaking down molecules
-
what are the stages of the cell cycles
- interphase
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
- cytokinesis
-
what occurs during interphase
cell growth, DNA replication
-
what occurs during prophase
crossing over during meiosis; chromosomes become visible; nuclear membrane dissolves
-
what occurs during metaphase
chromosomes align in the middle
-
what occurs during anaphase
chromosomes are pulled apart and placed on opposite ends
-
what occurs during telophase
cell plate/ cleavage furrow forms; nuclear membrane reforms
-
what is the failure of chromosomes to seperate during crossing over called
nondisjunction
-
when does nondisjunction take place
prophase of meiosis one
-
what is the movement of a substance down a gradience called
diffusion
-
what is the movement of molecules using helper proteins called
facilitated diffusion
-
what is the transport protein in the membrane that pushes sodium out and potassium in called
sodium/potassium pump
-
what is the movement of material moved into a cell called
endocytosis
-
what is the movment of materials out of a cell called
exocytosis
-
what is a cell termed as when the solute surrounding it is higher then the inside of it
hypertonic
-
what is a cell termed when there is more solute inside the cell then outside the cell
hypotonic
-
what types of moluecule pass easily across a cell membrane
-
what cell adaptations allow other moleucles to cross the cell membrane
- active transport
- protein channels
- facilitated diffusion
- co-transport
-
what are lympocytes taht develop in bone marrow are are effector cells in immune response called
b cells
-
what digests pathogens
lysozymes
-
what functions in innate immunity as an antigen presenting cell
macrophages
-
what are molecules that swall up pathogens called
phagocytes
-
what are the white blood cells that kill tumor cells and viruses
natural killer cells
-
what catches all and attacks any foreign substance
nonspecific defense
-
what triggers the production of antibodies and active killer t cells
helper t cells
-
what cells kill infected cells and cancer cells
cytotoxic t cells
-
what is the short term protection that is activated when any foreign substance is detected called
autoimmunity
-
what is the long term protection; which on exposure
immunological memory
-
what shows the evolutionalry relationships across time and show the relatedness and extinction events
evolutionary trees
-
how does a species relatedness correspond to gene sequences of DNA
the more specific sequence of DNA align, more close related the 2 species are
-
how is genetic variatino related to evolution
creates a deeper gene pool, increases odds of adaptations that increase survivor rates
-
hwo does genetic variation arise
through mutations, genetic drift; recombination during sexual reproduction
-
what is the movement of a species into a population; a variation necessary for speaciation called
immigration
-
what is the movement out of a population that affects genetic variation called
emigration
-
what is it called when genes on one extreme are favored such as faster predators or prey survive more
directional selection
-
what is it called when favors average variation such as birth weight; not too big, not too small
stabilizing selection
-
what is the characteristic that enhances an organisms ability to survive to its environment
adaptation
-
what is the process where individuals with favored traits have higher survival probabilites called
natural selection
-
what conditions must be present to prevent natural selection from occuring?
- random mating
- no mutations of genes
- no movement of genes in or out
- small population size
-
how is genetic variation related to natural selection
increase in variation, increases the odds of a trait resulting in a competitve advantage
-
what is the random change in gene frequency within a population called
genetic drift
-
what are the 2 types with exampls of genetic drift
- bottle neck effect- cheatahs
- founder effect- amish polydectylosism
-
what is the addition or subtraction of genes in a population called
gene flow
-
what is an example of gene flow
immigration/emmigration
-
what is the sexual selection dictates which genes are favored in a population called
non random mating
-
what is the sudden, drastic change in environment greatly reducing the population size so that the new population shows a decrease in genetic variation
bottleneck effect
-
what is it called when the offspring are not viable or they have very low levels of fertility
reduced hybrid fertility
-
what is an example of reduced hybrid fertility
mules
-
what is it called when animals live in different areas so they don't cross paths to breed
habitat isolation
-
what is an example of habitat isolation
lions vs. tigers
-
what is it called when animals don't mate because the parts don't match up
mechanical isolation
-
what is an examples of mechanical isolation
ostrich and hummingbird
-
what is it called when there is an inability to mate due to egg and sperm fertilizing properly
gametic isolation
-
what is an examples of gametic isolation
- diploid with tryploid organism
- pollen and eggs
-
what is it called when there is a failure to mate due to time differentiation
temporal isolation
-
what is an example of temporal isolation
breed in early spring vs. late spring
-
what is it called when the behavior of a species is specific so the organisms don't interbreed
behavioral isolation
-
what is an example of behavioral isolation
spider dances
-
which type of signal transmission involves the g protein on the cell membrane surfaces which receives the ligan and causes a change in shape and a single response
g-protein coupled receptors
-
what type of signal transmission involves a ligand that bonds to a gate, opens the channel, response follows, and the gate closes
ligand-gated ion channels
-
what type of signal transmission involves the ligan binding to monomers which leades to dimerzation and then phosphorylation and results in mutlipe responses
receptor tyrosine kinases
-
how is phosphorylaiton important in signal transmission
binding of phosphates can signal cascades of events
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