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microphyl
leaf with one vein
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megaphyl
leaf with multiple veins
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enation
small flap of tissue
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megasporangia
sporangium that produces megaspores
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microsporangium
sporangium that produces microspores
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Megaspore
develope into female gametophytes
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Microspore
develope into male gametophyte
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sporangium
holds spores on the surface of leaves
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megasporocyte
diploid cell that developes into megaspore
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sporphyll
modified leaf that holds spores
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strobilus
cone, compounded sporophyls
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homospores
one kind of spores
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microsporocytes
diploid cell developes into microspore
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heterospores
magaspores and microspores
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endosporic
developes inside spore wall
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exosporic
developes outside spore wall
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4 important gymnosperm ancestors
- Progymnosperms
- Seed ferns
- Cordatales
- voltziales
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3 phyla of Byophytes
- hepatophyta
- anthocerophyta
- bryophyta
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4 phyla of Seedless vascular
- psilotophya
- lycophyta
- sphenophyta
- pterophyta
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4 phyla of Gymnosperms
- coniferophyta
- cycadophyta
- ginkophyta
- gnetophyta
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phyla of Angiosperms
anthophyta
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Lycophyta
club/spike mosses
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Gnetophyta (three genera)
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Anthophyta
- monocotyledons
- eudicotoledones
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Dichotomous branching
- 2 branch points (smaller and smaller)
- Limited 2° xylem and no 2° pholem
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three orders of lycophyta
- Lycopodiales- club moss
- selaginelleales- spike moss
- isoetales- quilworts
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2 theories for formation of simple leaves
- Telomes were reduced
- Vascular “trace” invaded an enation (flap of vegetative tissue)
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6 native species of clubmoss to MN
- annotonum-stiff clubmoss
- clavatum- running club moss
- complanatum- groundcedar
- dendroidem- tree groundpine
- huperzia lucidula- shining clubmoss
- huperzia selago- fir clubmoss
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homospory
- One kind of spore
- Bisexual gametophytes
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Heterospory
- Two kinds of spores
- Separate male and female gametophytes
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2 native species of spike moss to MN
- Selaginella rupestris-northern selaginella
- Selaginella selaginoides-club spikemoss
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MN native quilwort
Isoetes tenella- spinyspore quillwort
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two genera of Psilotophyta
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Psilotum
- Tri-lobed sporangia
- One kind of spore – Homosporous
- Gametophyte - bisexual
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spenophyta- horetails
- Scouring rushes
- Epidermal cells contain silica
- Whorled microphylls
- Hollow jointed stem
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hydroids
water transport cells
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leptoids
food transport cells
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Features shared between Bryophytes and Vascular plants
- Layer of sterile, protective cells around gametes
- Multicellular embryo protected in female parent Multicellular, diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis Layer of sterile, protective cells around multicellularsporangia
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Dominant stage of Byrophytes
Gametophyte
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Thalloid
flat, sheet like structures
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only plants to share pyrenoids with algae
hornworts
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3 classes of byrophyta
- Spagnopsida
- Andreaopsida
- Bryopsida
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Class Spagnopsid
Peatlands store 400 billion tons of organic carbon
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Rhyniophytes
- Stems with branches of same length
- Sporangia at the tips
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Zosterophyllophyta
- Branches with short, lateral sporangia
- Gave rise to phylum Lycophyta
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Trimerophytophyta
- More branches and clusters of sporangia
- Gave rise to 3 of the 4 living phyla of SVPs
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What is a seed
- Fertilized egg (embryo)
- Retained within a gametophyte
- Retained within the sporophyte
- Accessorized with sporophyte tissue (integument)
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Seed plants are better at passing on genes to next generation because
- Dormant state allows for survival through winter & drought
- Seed coat is a barrier between bacterial & fungal decay
- Seeds attract seed eating animals which disperse seeds
- Seeds include food for developing embryo & germinating seedling
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Gymnosperm seeds
- form on surface of leaves or branches
- Form from a single act of fertilization
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Angiosperm seeds
- Form within fruit
- Result from double fertilization
- Fertilization of egg
- Fertilization of two nuclei of the megagametophyte
- Forms endosperm which nourishes the embryo
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4 gropus gymnosperms
- Progymnosperms
- Seed ferns
- Cordaitales
- Voltziales
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Seed ferns
- Looked like tree ferns
- Had seeds
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Cordaitales
Gave rise to ginkgos
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Voltziales
Gave rise to coniferophyta & gnetophyta
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prothalial cells
no known function
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generative cell
produces sperm
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Advantages of gymnosperms
- Xylem
- Lack vessel element
- Lower vulnerability to freezing
- Leaves
- Less surface area
- Reduced susceptibility to freezing and drying
- Rounder at tree top
- Long lived (2-50 yrs)
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efficient use of water in gymnosperms
- Recessed stomata reduces water loss
- Waxy epidermis
- Hypodermis protects w thick celled walls
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cycadophyta
have flagulated sperm
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gnetophyta
- have vessel elements
- no antheridia
- no archegonia
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4 whorls of angiosperms
- gynoecium
- calyx
- corrola
- androecium
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gynoecium
female: stigma, style, ovary
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Adroecium
Male: Stamen, Anther, Filament
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3 classification of fruits
- simple fruits
- aggregate fruits
- multiple fruits
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simple fruits
- one flower
- on carpel
- (apple)
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aggregate fruits
- one flower
- many seperate carpels
- (stawberry)
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multiple fruits
- many flowers
- many gynoeecium
- (pineapple)
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kinds of simple fruits
- Fleshy-berries
- Dry- wildrice
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ovule
cotains megagametophyte
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megagametophyte
contains 7 cells
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endosperm
1 spem + 2 polar nuclei
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angiosperms
- create flowers/fruits
- have vessel elements
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