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the process by which we recollect prior experiences and information and skills learned in the past
memory
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a memory of a specific event, the event happened in the person's presence, or the person experienced the event.
- what you had for dinner last night
episodic memory
-
clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events
flashbulb memories
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general knowledge people remember
- we know george washington was the first president
- we don't remember when we learned it
semantic memory
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a memory of specific information
explicit memory
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a memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned
- throwing a ball
- even if you do not use the skill for a long time, the skill is unforgettable
implicit memory
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the translation of information into a form in which it can be stored
OTTFFSSENT
FIRST process of memory
encoding
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the second process of memory, is the maintenance of encoded information over a period of time
storage
-
repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting it
maintenance rehearsal
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making information meaningful by relating it to information you already know well
elaborative rehearsal
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the third memory process consisting of locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought
retrieval
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the memories that came back to you in that place
context-dependent memories
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memories that are retrieved because the mood in which they were originally encoded is re-created
state-dependent memories
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the belief that a piece of information is stored in our memory although we can not retrieve it easily
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
- feel the cold breeze
sensory memory
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the sensory register that briefly holds mental images of mental stiuli
iconic memory
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the ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time
eidetic imagery
-
mental traces of sound
- easier to remember sound
echoic memory
-
memory that hold information briefly before it is stored or forgotten
short-term memory
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the tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items
primary effect
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the tendency to recall the last items in a series
recency effect
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the organization of items into familiar or manageable units that are easy to remember
chunking
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occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and takes the place of what is already there
- practice
- tv
- work
interference
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the type or stage of memory capable of large and relatively permanent storage
long-term memory
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the mental representations that we form of the world by organizing bits of information into knowledge
hour glass/ eye glasses
schemas
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involves identifying objects or events that have been encountered before
- multiple choice vs short answer
- understanding the answer
recognition
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bring it back to mind
- reconstruction
- learning things in a different language
recall
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learning material a second time, usually in less time than it was originally learned
- rereading the textbook before a test
relearning
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the fading away of a memory
decay
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the inability to remember events that occurred during one's early years
Hippocampus- part of the brain involved in memory formation does not fully mature until we are 3
infantile amnesia
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memory loss from trauma that prevents a person from forming new memories
- forward
anterograde amnesia
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when people forget the period leading up to a traumatic event
- backward
retrograde amnesia
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