the process by which we recollect prior experiences and information and skills learned in the past
memory
a memory of a specific event, the event happened in the person's presence, or the person experienced the event.
- what you had for dinner last night
episodic memory
clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events
flashbulb memories
general knowledge people remember
- we know george washington was the first president
- we don't remember when we learned it
semantic memory
a memory of specific information
explicit memory
a memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned
- throwing a ball
- even if you do not use the skill for a long time, the skill is unforgettable
implicit memory
the translation of information into a form in which it can be stored
OTTFFSSENT FIRST process of memory
encoding
the second process of memory, is the maintenance of encoded information over a period of time
storage
repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting it
maintenance rehearsal
making information meaningful by relating it to information you already know well
elaborative rehearsal
the third memory process consisting of locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought
retrieval
the memories that came back to you in that place
context-dependent memories
memories that are retrieved because the mood in which they were originally encoded is re-created
state-dependent memories
the belief that a piece of information is stored in our memory although we can not retrieve it easily
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
- feel the cold breeze
sensory memory
the sensory register that briefly holds mental images of mental stiuli
iconic memory
the ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time
eidetic imagery
mental traces of sound
- easier to remember sound
echoic memory
memory that hold information briefly before it is stored or forgotten
short-term memory
the tendency to recall the initial items in a series of items
primary effect
the tendency to recall the last items in a series
recency effect
the organization of items into familiar or manageable units that are easy to remember
chunking
occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and takes the place of what is already there
- practice
- tv
- work
interference
the type or stage of memory capable of large and relatively permanent storage
long-term memory
the mental representations that we form of the world by organizing bits of information into knowledge
hour glass/ eye glasses
schemas
involves identifying objects or events that have been encountered before
- multiple choice vs short answer
- understanding the answer
recognition
bring it back to mind
- reconstruction
- learning things in a different language
recall
learning material a second time, usually in less time than it was originally learned
- rereading the textbook before a test
relearning
the fading away of a memory
decay
the inability to remember events that occurred during one's early years
Hippocampus- part of the brain involved in memory formation does not fully mature until we are 3
infantile amnesia
memory loss from trauma that prevents a person from forming new memories
- forward
anterograde amnesia
when people forget the period leading up to a traumatic event
- backward