Dendro Week 11

Cone

an aggregation of sporangia-bearing structures at the tip of a stem; best restricted to the conifers among seed plants

Cone Scale

Apophysis

Umbo

an apparent whorl of secondary  branches in pines; considered ‘false’ because the actual arrangement is a tight spiral

True or False
Every ton of paper recovered saves 6.3 cubic yards of land fill space
True False

True or False
More than 33% of the fiber used to make new paper products in the U.S. comes from recycled sources
True False

True or false
By 2012 the paper industry hoped to recover 55% of all paper Americans consume 
True False

Hard pines belong to what subgenus?

FGS
Needles: generally 3-10”, 3, 2 and 3, or 4 and 5 per fascicle on the same tree, dark gray-green to yellow-green, flexible, persisting 2-7 years; turpentine to citrus odor when crushed
Cones: ovoid, 2-6”, short-stalked, stout, outward-pointing prickle 
Bark: brown to black, deeply furrowed on vigorous or young trees; yellowish-brown to cinnamon-red, large, flat superficially scaly plates with irregular fissures on slower growing and older trunks, vanilla odor


Range: western; one of most widely distributed pines in N. America; sea level to 9900’; found in commercial quantities in every state west of the Great Plains
Most important pine in western N. America
Furnishes more timber than any other pine species
Second only to Douglas fir in lumber production
Habit: large tree, commonly 150-180’, 3-4’dbh 

FGS
Needles: generally 5-10”, 3/fascicle, or 2 and 3 on the same tree, long, twisted, stout, gray-green, persisting 6-9 years; pineapple odor when crushed
Cones: ovoid, 5-10”, short-stalked; umbro with long, reflexed or incurved prickle 
Bark: like that of ponderosa pine, but darker cinnamon-red and commonly tinged with lavender or purple on old trunks
Range: higher elevations from southwestern OR, primarily in CA, into northern Mexico; tolerates extremes of cold and dry
Habit: commonly 90-100’, 3-5’ dbh
Timber characteristics almost identical to those of ponderosa
Readily hybridizes with ponderosa

FGS
Needles: 0.75-3”, 2/fascicle or rarely solitary, stout, often twisted, dark green to yellow-green, persisting 3-8 years
Cones: ovoid, 0.75-2.25”, often asymmetrical at the base; sessile; umbro with small, recurved, slender prickle; usually serotinous and persistent 
Bark: coastal trees .75-1” thick, deeply furrowed, transversely fissured, reddish-brown to black, superficially scaly; ca .25” thick on mountain trees, orange-brown to gray, covered by thin, loosely appressed scales
Cosmopolitan tree of wide distribution through western N. America
Broadest ecological amplitude of any conifer in N. America
Range: primarily Yukon, BC, Alberta, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY, UT, CO and CA
Habit: 4 varieties, two of which collectively known as ‘shore pine’, smaller 25-30’, 12-18”dia.; inland varieties, ‘lodgepole’, medium-sized 70-80’, 15-30”dia., 1300-11,500’ elevation
The inland, primarily Rocky Mtn. lodgepole, primary souce of commercial timber

FGS
Needles: 0.75-2”, primarily 2/fascicle; stout, rigid, often twisted; flat or concave; divergent; yellow-green, persisting 2-3 years
Cones: oblong-conic, 1-2.25”, short stalked; light brown, usually pointed forward, often strongly incurved, mostly unarmed; serotinous, persistent
Bark: thin, brown slightly tinged with red or dark gray; irregularly divided into scaly ridges


Range: best growth north and west of Lake Superior; extends into northern NE and Lake States; also furthest north of any N. American pine
Habit: 70-80’, 12-15” dia, usually smaller; irregular crown, poor ‘self-pruner’
Fast growth, fire-adapted
Important pulpwood species

FGS

Range: eastern, generally PA, NJ ranging to northern AL, GA, 50-2800’ elevation
Habit: usually small, ‘scruffy’ tree to 40’ and 12” dia.; poor ‘self-pruner’
Pioneer species, intolerant, variety of soils
Important pulpwood species

FGS
Needles: 2/fascicle; 4-6.25”, yellow-green, slender, brittle and breaking cleanly when doubled between the fingers; persisting 3-4 years
Cones: Ovoid-conic, 1.50-2.4”, short-stalked, umbo unarmed
Bark: flaky, orange-red on young trees, eventually breaking up into large, flat, reddish-brown, superficially scaly plates irregularly diamond-shaped in outline
Range: SW Ontario, NE MN, N. WI, MI; NE Canada, New England, NY, PA, northern NJ and higher elevations in WVA
Habit: one of most distinctive of northern conifers; symmetrical oval crown with tufted dark green foliage; well-formed bole; generally 50-80’, 2-3’ dia.
Reasonably fast grower; important timber tree

FGS
Needles: mostly in 2’s, but also in 3’s per fascicle on same tree; 2.75-4.75”, long slender, flexible; dark yellow-green; epicormic sprouting not uncommon
Cones: Narrowly oblong, 1.5-2.5”, short-stalked, umbo with small, sharp, slender prickle; persistent
Bark: nearly black, roughly scaly on young trees; often dotted with small depressions called resin ducts or blisters; later reddish-brown irregular flat plates
Range: SE, elevation sea level to 2300’; NJ, PA to MS, west to E.TX, OK and MO
Habit: medium-sized tree 80-100’, 2-3’ dia.; clear, well-formed bole, narrowly pyramidal crown; trees up to 8-10 years old can re-sprout; terminal shoots multinodal; readily hybridizes
Used for lumber, plywood, pulp

FGS
Needles: 3(4)/fascicle; 3-6”, yellow-green, twisted, rigid; almost right angle to twig; often epicormic branching along trunk
Cones: Ovoid, 1.25-2.75”, nearly sessile; umbro with slender prickle; persistent for many years; sometimes serotinous
Bark: dark and scaly, becoming 1-2” thick at base of old trees, and smoother w/brownish-yellow, flat plates, separated by narrow, irregular
Range: Primarily north central NC, AL north into New England
Habit: variable, from 8-12’ in NJ pine plains, to 50-60’ and 1-2’ dia. on better sites; can grow rapidly; fire-adapted; serotinous in NJ pine barrens
Uses: construction lumber, pulp, railroad ties, naval stores
Readily hybridizes

FGS


Needles: 3 (sometimes 2)/fascicle; 4-9”, slender but stiff; yellow-green; persisting 3 years
Cones: Conical-ovoid, 2.5-6”, short stalked; umbro with stout sharp prickle
Bark: variable, young trees scaly, nearly black, later 0.75-2” thick, with irregular, brownish blocks


Range: southern NJ, DE, MD to northern FL and E. TX
Habit: 90-110’, 2-2.5’dia.; long, cylindrical bole, open crown, though denser than other s. pines; grows on wide range of sites; rapid growth
Leading commercial timber species in southern U.S.; 2 billion seedlings planted/yr.; pioneer species
Naturally hybridizes

FGS
Needles: 3/fascicle, rarely 4 or 5; 8-18”, stout, flexible; bright green, densely tufted at ends of branches; buds with silvery-white imbricate scales
Cones: Conical-cylindrical, 6-10”, sessile; umbro with a dorsal prickle curving toward the base of the scale
Bark: Rough, black when young, large reddish plates when old


Range: SE VA to FL, across to east TX
Habit: 80-100’, 2-2.5’dia.; first 3-6 yrs. ‘grass stage’; extremely fire-resistant
While one of most distinctive and important southern conifers, estimated only about 3% of original pre-settlement 90 million acres currently remain; renewed interest
High quality lumber, pulp, bark and pine straw mulch; red-cockaded woodpecker habitat 

FGS


Needles: 2 and 3/fascicle,6-9”, dark glossy green, tufted at ends of tapering branches but extending back along the branch; stout, rigid; buds with red-brown, white-ciliate scales
Cones: Ovoid, 2.5-7”, short-stalked; umbro with short, sharp prickle; persistent for 1 year
Bark: Deeply furrowed on young trees, later becoming plated and approx. 1” thick


Range: SE SC, GA, AL, MS and FL; low flat woods, pond margins, swamps, uplands and old fields
Habit: 60-100’, to 2’ dia., straight trunk, narrow ovoid crown
Fast grower, susceptible to fire, aggressive
Quality fiber for pulp & paper, timber, naval stores; widely planted

Which pines are natualized hard pines

FGS


P. thunbergii, Japanese black pine: 
Naturalized from MA along Atlantic Coast
Similar to red pine with 2 needles/fascicle, but: needles bending, not breaking when bent; silvery rather than reddish brown buds; minutely armed cone scales
Differs from Austrian: stalked, truncate-based cones; non-resinous terminal buds




Cold-hardy and resistant to salt spray
Usually less than 25’, with open crown, few long, spreading or pendulous branches, with up-turned tips showing conspicuous silvery, candle-like buds