Comm Final

• participants
• setting
• purpose of the speech

• organization
• good transitions
• same language level 
• logical information

the audience's characteristics based on age, gender, race, religion, etc.

an audience's attitudes and beliefs 

• the place
• time limit
• time of day
• emotional climate

• goal of the speech
• topic of the speech
• method of speech development

when a teacher asks the class a question, and gives the class a short time to think about it. 

when a teacher calls on a student and they have no time to think about it. 

use of notes or an outline while speaking. 

use of pictures instead of notes in a list form. 

material is written out and delivered word for word

speech is written out and then committed to memory 

• up-to-date
• universities, scholarly or government internet websites
• an unbiased author

gives the necessary background material

a summary of each segment of your presentation before you move on to the next segment

a statement that alerts the audience to ideas that are coming

reviews where the listeners have been, states where they are presently, and forecasts where they are going.

• attention grabbing material
• orienting material
• statement of the central idea 

• follows a geographic pattern
• ex: how people dress in the west, middle, and east

arranges events in chronological order

• a speaker explains an issue and divides it into its component parts. 
• ex: a speech about wines would divide it into the different types of wines

shows how two events are connected 

shows the similarities and differences between two things

identifies a problem and attempts to solve it.

• a summary of your presentation
• a clincher - meaningful quote, funny story, rhetorical question

• as the speech proceeds, it's divided into a number of points
• informative method

• comes after the central idea. 
• a list of the main ideas that will be presented

• the speaker lays out supporting evidence and then leads the listeners to draw a conclusion.
• persuasive speeches

• speaker discusses central idea without breaking it into subpoints
• speaker jumps directly into examples that back up their central idea

a group presents its findings or recommendations

• more informal
• ex: a financial advisor speaks to their client about their finances

statement describing a process, explaining a technique, or discussing new elements to people within a business or industry. 

• a speech in which the presenter briefs his or her audience on some findings 
• ex: undergraduate research conferences

make a poster and people come to see your work and ask questions

speaker tries to convince the listener to believe in his/her views

speaker tries to get audience to act

a person who has something at stake will most likely be persuaded by a message that solves a personal problem

• the theory that states that if the issue being discussed is one that the listener has encountered before, is interested and involved in, he or she is more likely to pay attention to the speaker’s arguments.
• Doesn’t mean that he/she will be persuaded by the speaker though. 

the degree to which the listener believes that he/she has the support of others

• we're more likely to be influenced by people we like.
• so if you're the speaker, compliment your audience

• humans like to treat others how they've treated us, and we don't like to feel indebted. 
• you might decide to buy more from a retailer if they give you a huge discount

• relies on the principle of "safety in numbers."
• if a lot of people are buying a product, we feel it's safe to buy it as well. 

• humans have a desire to be consistent. 
• once we've committed to something, we have a deep desire to go through with it.

people will listen to experts. 

if you tell people they only have a certain amount of time to act and make a difference, they'll be more likely to do it.

• competent: have knowledge, wisdom, and authority on a topic.
• charisma: be able to hold an audience's attention
• character: reputation, honesty, and sensitivity

states the existence of something in the past, present, or future

• states the value of something
• must have an adjective in the central idea

states that something should or shouldn't be done.

• bottom-up
• there's a factor of probability
• what conclusion might be accepted

• top-down
• based on the premises, if they're true, then the conclusion must by true.

•  a number of specific instances are examined.
• From these, you attempt to predict some future occurrence or explain a whole category of instances.

• a hypothesis is used to explain all the
• evidence; however, the hypothesis must provide the best explanation.

• an either-or argument in which true alternatives must be established.
• Either the Red Sox win or the Yankees win. The Red Sox did not win, therefore, the Yankees won.

• sets up an if-then proposition. There are 2 conditions.
• If it’s hot outside, then there will be a lot of people at the pool. 

speaker reaches a general conclusion from an insufficient amount of evidence

when the speaker claims that one event caused another without thinking about other possible reasons