pharm final

thyroid drug

bind to nuclear receptors that cause gene transcription and protein synthesis

• T4
• highly protein bound
• lower bioavailability
• less potent

• slow onset
• needs daily administration
• drug of choice for replacement and supression therapy

thyroid drug

bind to nuclear receptors that cause gene transcription and protein synthesis

• T3
• high bioavailability
• more potant than T4

antidiabetic

binds to insulin receptors causing activation of tyrosine kinase which phosphorylates proteins ultimately altering metabolic enzymes

• protein
• short half life so needs repeated injections
• causes decreased plasma glucose which would cause hypoglycemia if used in excess

• treats mainly type 1
• ineffective orally

estrogen

bind to estrogen receptors to regulate protein synthesis

• highly protein bound, competes with thyroid hormones
• linked to breast cancer

• hormone replacement therapy
• birth control

progestin

binds to receptors to regulate gene transcription in diverse cells

• rapidly absorbed
• metabolized in liver on 1st pass

• hormone replacement therapy
• birth control

topical antifungal

reduced fungal formation by ergosterol

topical only

• OTC
• low toxicity
• treats dermatophyte infections and vaginal candidiasis

antituberculosis drug

antiviral drug

inhibits synthesis of viral DNA

• must be phosphorylated- requires viral kinases
• affective against herpes and varicella zoster
• crosses blood brain barrier

• will only work in viral cells
• used in IV to treat certain types of herpes

penicillin antibiotic

inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

• beta lactam ring
• broad spectrum
• absorbed well from the gut
• hypersensitivity common

• resistance in penicillinase producing organisms
• penicillin allergy

macrolide antibiotic

binds reversibly to bacterial microsome to inhibit protein synthesis

• large does required
• effective with 7 days of treatment
• broad spectrum (gut flora)

• z-pack
• frequent diarrhea

antibiotic

binds reversibly to bacterial ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis

• chelating agent
• very broad spectrum
• photosensitive

• mottling of teeth in children
• interferes with calcium absorption
• dont use with dairy products

antibiotic

folate synthesis antagonist

• unchanged in the body
• used with sulfonamdes which have high incidence of hypersensitivity

drug of choice for UTIs

quinolone antibiotic

ingibits DNA gyrase (uncoils DNA during transcription)

• broad spectrum
• oral
• slows breakdown of caffeine
• unchanged in the body
• anti-anthrax

• UTI
• upper and lower respiratory tract infections
• anthrax poisoning

glucocorticoid

modifies gene transcription

• short acting
• strong anti-inflammatory
• oral
• salt retention

• protein, lipid, and carb metabolism
• adrenal insufficiency with prolonged use

NSAID

• inhibition of cox-1 and cox-2 enzymes
• blockage of prostaglandin synthesis at target tissues
• decreases tissue sensitivity to chemial mediators of pain

• oral
• absorbed in upper GI
• metabolized by liver
• risk of reyes syndrome
• salicylism

• decreases inflammation, pain, and fecer
• GI side effects
• increased risk of bleeding
• decreased risk of stroke and MI

NSAID

• cox-1 and cox-2 inhibition
• blockage of prostaglandin synthesis at target tissues

• oral
• no risk of reyes syndrome

decreases pain, inflammation, fever

NSAID- poor antiinflammatory

• not fully understood
• weak blockade of prostaglandin synthesis

analgesic and anti-pyretic (pain and fever)

• N-APAP
• conjugated in liver with glucuronic acid
• no risk of GI bleeding
• no risk of reyes syndrome
• hepatotoxicity

• nausea
• vomiting
• anorexia
• abdominal pain

• decreased symptoms
• liver function test reveal rising aminotransferases and bilirubin

peak elevations in liver enzymes

recovery or death

N-acetylcysteine

NSAID

selective COX-2 inhibition

• oral
• possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease

• anti-inflammatory
• no increased bleeding
• used for inflammation and pain

anti-inflammatory, anti-emetic, antihistamine

H1 receptor antagonist

• multiple modes of delivery
• antimuscarinic
• lipid soluble (crosses blood brain barrier)

• drowsiness
• xerostomia
• sleep aid
• treats nausea, vomitting, and motion sickness

• anti-emetic
• antihistamine

H1 receptor antagonist

• multiple ingestion forms
• antimuscarinic activity
• lipid soluble (crosses blood brain barrier)

• drowsiness
• xerostomia
• treats motion sickness

• anti-allergy
• anti-bronchospasm

inhibits histamine release in selected tissues

poorly absorbed

• nasal sprays, nebulizers, eye drops
• prevents asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis

local anesthetic

sodium channel inhibition

• ester-linked
• little use today

• quickly metabolized
• metabolized to PABA
• high incidence of hypersensitivity

local anesthetic

sodium channel inhibition

• amide linked
• antiarrythmic

• most common anesthetic
• low incidence of hypersensitivity

local anesthetic

sodium channel inhibition

• ester-linked
• low solubility

• sunburn ointments
• OTC

local anesthetic

sodium channel inhibition

• ester-linked
• sympathomimetic
• inhibits norepi uptake
• CNS stimulation

• high abuse potential
• vasoconstrictor
• used topically for upper respiratory tract infections

antibiotic

binds irreversibly to bacterial microsome to inhibit protein synthesis

• toxic to kidneys and ears!
• bacteriocidal

• last resort for bacterial infectsion
• monitored for toxicity

antiestrogen

partial antagonist at estrogen receptor

• blocks estrogen receptors in anterior pituitary
• causes hot flashes

• diminishes negative feedback
• increased LH and FSH flow
• promotes ovulation
• fertility drug

antiprogesterone

competitive antagonist of progesterone

• the morning after pill
• prevents endometrium from maintaining for pregnancy
• binds to glucocorticoid receptor

antineoplastic agent