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ganglion
cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
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nuclei
cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS
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tract
a bundle of axons in the CNS
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nerve
a bundle of axons in the PNS
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Depolarization phase of an action potential
sodium gates open
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repolarization of action potential
sodium gates begin to close and potassium gates open. (potassium is usually inside the cell)
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septum pellucidum
connects the lateral ventricles
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interventricular foramen
connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.
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cerebral aqueduct
connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
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commissural tracts
- made of commissural fibers.
- Connects corresponding gray areas of the 2 hemispheres, allowing them to function as a whole.
- Ex: corpus callosum.
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projection tracts
- run vertically
- Ties the cerebral cortex to the rest of the nervous system and to the body’s receptors.
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association tracts
connect different parts of the brain in the same hemisphere
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Group A fibers
- largest diameter
- heavily myelinated
- 150 m/s
- motor neurons
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Group B fibers
- intermediate diameter
- lightly myelinated
- 15 m/s
- preganglionic autonomic fibers
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Group C fibers
- smallest diameter
- unmyelinated
- 1 m/s
- postganglionic autonomic fibers
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basal nuclei
islands of gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres
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lentiform nucleus
formed by the putamen and globus pallidus
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corpus striatum
formed by the lentiform nuclei and caudate nuclei
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what causes Parkinson's disease?
a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra.
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superior enlargement
the cervical enlargement
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inferior enlargement
the lumbar enlargement
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sclera function
- protects and shapes the eyeball
- gives a study site the attachment of eye muscles
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function of cornea
- lets light into eye
- plays a part in the light-bending apparatus of the eye
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how does retinal detachment cause blindness?
- Retinal detachment is when the pigmented and neural layers separate, allowing the jellylike vitreous humor to seep between them.
- This deprives the photoreceptors of their nutrient source.
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where is the lateral geniculate nucleus located?
the thalamus. helps process vision.
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where is the superior colliculi located?
- the diencephalon
- processes vision
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what is myopia? how to cure it?
- nearsightedness
- use concave lenses
- distant objects are focused in front of the retina, rather than on it
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what is hyperopia? how to cure it?
- farsightedness
- use convex lenses
- nearby objects are focused behind the retina.
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maculae
- equilibrium receptors found in the saccule and utricle
- respond to the pull of gravity and report on changes of head position
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cristae ampullares
- found in the ampulla at the ends of semicircular ducts
- respond to rotational/angular movements
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medial geniculate nucleus
the auditory relay center in the thalamus
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basilar membrane
the floor of the cochlear duct which supports the organ of Corti.
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tectorial membrane
the gel-like membrane that stereocilia are trapped in
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3 nerves that carry info from the tongue to the brain
Facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve.
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what is the thalamus relay center for taste?
ventral posterior medial nucleus
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name the types of papillae and their location on the tongue.
- Circumvallate (largest and most posterior)
- Foliate (elongated, towards side)
- Fungiform (large, throughout tongue)
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what are olfactory hairs
the hairs on ciliated dendrites.
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olfactory relay center in the thalamus
- medial dorsal nucleus
- relays to frontal and temporal lobe
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bundles of what type of axons form the olfactory nerve?
bipolar cells
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bundles of what type of axons form the olfactory tract?
mitral cells - second order neurons
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biogenic amine hormones
composed of the amino acid tyrosine
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steroid hormones
composed of cholesterol
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what's responsible for the emotional connection to smell?
amygdala
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4 types of supporting cells in the CNS
- oligodendrocytes
- astrocytes - forming BBB
- ependymal cells - line ventricles. circulate CBF.
- microglia
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2 types of supporting cells in PNS
- Satellite cells - control chemical environment of cell bodies.
- Schwann cells
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why can't severed axons in the CNS regenerate?
- microglia fail to properly clean up damage
- no neurilemma to form a regeneration tube
- presence of growth-inhibiting proteins
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absolute refractory period
when the neuron can't respond to any stimuli, no matter how strong
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relative refractory period
an exceptionally strong stimulus can reopen the Na+ channels allow another action potential to be generated
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discuss pupillary dilation
- activation of sympathetic nervous system
- viewing far objects
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discuss pupillary constriction
- activation of parasympathetic nervous system
- viewing close objects
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function of the cells in the pigmented layer
- contains melanin which prevents light from scattering inside the eye
- contains vitamin A required for the light-absorbing pigment, retinal.
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