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What are the 3 types of food additivies?
- Food processing aids
- Food preservatives
- Food quality enhancers
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What are the two types of foods additives?
- Intention/direct additives
- Incidental/indirect additives
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What are the 2 types of texture additives?
- Emulsifiers
- Thickeners/thixotropic agents
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What are emulsifiers?
Emulsifiers have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups that enable them to bring aqueous and non-aqueous phases togethert to form a stable emulsion
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What are some examples of thickener additives?
Starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, whey protein, egg white powder
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What are the 2 types of water binding agents?
- Humectants
- Anti-caking agents
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What are humectants?
- Added to foods to bind and hold moisture
- Makes foods juicy and succulent
- Food products that have humectants added to prevent drying out are muscle foods
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Which foods commonly have humectants to prevent drying out?
Muscle foods
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What are anti-caking agents?
Absorb or withdraw moisture from food materials to keep them dry and prevent sogginess
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What does rennet or rennin do?
Breaks up kappa-casein
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What does papain do?
Breaks down protein to tenderize meat
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What do amylases do?
Break down starch to make a sweeter product
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What food products are foaming agents added to?
- Food products with foam as components
- Meringue, Ice cream, beer
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What is foam?
Foam is comprised of small air bubbles trapped in a liquid phase
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What are some substances that form foams?
Egg white, other proteinaceous material, peptides
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Why are acids added to foods?
To provide flavor
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Why are bases such as NaHCO3 added to foods?
As a leavening agent in baking
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Why are buffers added to foods?
Used to stabilize KI of iodized salts
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How are food additives used as preseratives?
- Control microbial growth (fermentation, humectants, acids)
- Gas sterilants
- Synthetic metabolic inhibitors
- Inorganic compounds
- Antioxidants
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What are some common additives that prevent microbial growth?
- Acetic acid
- Lactic acid
- Ethanol (prevents growth of several microorganisms)
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Which products commonly have anti-caking agents added to them?
Salt and sugar
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What are the 3 categories of food quality enhancers?
- Flavoring agents
- Organic flavors
- Nutritional additives
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What are some natural types of flavoring agents?
Sugars, salts, spices, protein hydrolysates
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What is an example of artificial flavoring agents?
Aspartame
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What are some examples of organic flavor additives?
- Extraction- cocoa, coffee, tea
- Fermentation- MSG
- Chemical synthesis- vanilla
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What are the categories of nutritional additives?
- Restoration
- Enrichment
- Fortification
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Why is nutritional restoration needed?
During food processing, some essential components may be lost so it is necessary to put back these components to the food products
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What is an example of nutritional restoration?
Addition of vitamin C to canned tomato juice, or dehydrated mashed potatoes
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What is an example of nutritional enrichment?
Addition of Fe and vitamins B1, B2 and niacin to flour
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What is an example of nutritional fortification?
Addition of vitamins A and D to margarine or skim milk
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What are the 3 criteria for food additive use?
- Must be safe for continuous use
- Must not be used to deceive the consumer
- Must be used to the consumer's advantage
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What must happen before a compound is accepted for use as an additive?
Before a compound is accepted for use as an additive, it must be tested for safety in experimental animals and monitored for both short term and long term effects
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What must an additive be tested for before it is accepted for use in foods?
- Effect on size (growth and development)
- Effect on appearance (such as fur quality)
- Litter size (effect on number of offspring produced)
- Still births; if any
- Effects on various organs (kidney, liver, etc)
- Incidence of tumors
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What do short term studies test for?
- Daily for appearance and behavior
- Weekly for feed consumption and body weight changes as well as organ function
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What do long term studies test for?
Offspring (Stillbirths, litter size, weight at birth, sex ratio, fetal malformations, growth rate, survival data)
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What are long term studies used to determine?
The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of that additive for humans
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What is Acceptable Daily Intake?
One-hundredth of the highest level of the additive that caused no harmful effect on experimental animal
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What is the deception factor?
- Additive must not be used to mask defects in food products to deceive consumers
- eg. use of sulfites to reverse discoloration of fruits/vegetables and raw meats
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How must a food additive result in advantage to consumer?
- Must improve or maintain nutritive value of the food product
- Must improve or maintain quality/acceptability of a food product
- Must increase/maintain quantity of a food material/product
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What is GRAS?
Generally Regarded as Safe
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What are the 2 categories of food coloring agents?
natural and synthetic
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What are certified food colors?
Produced by chemical synthesis
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What are uncertified food colors?
Derived from plant, animal, microbial and mineral sources
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What are the 2 forms of certified colors?
- Dyes- water soluble, sold as powders, granules, liquids
- Lakes- water insoluble, marketed as pastes and dispersions
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What are the criteria for the choice of dyes?
- Composition of formulation
- Processing conditions
- Packaging
- Shelf-life requirement
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What are lakes?
Al or Ca salts of dyes; ideal for coloring fatty/oily food products
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What are some examples of incidental additives?
- Pesticides
- Polychlorinated biphenyls (PBCs)
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
- Antibiotics
- Fundal toxins
- Heavy metals
- Asbestos
- Radioactive fallout
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How are food additives used to improve availability of food?
Use of isopropyl alcohol to solubilize protein from meat scraps for use as food or feed
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