ontological argument for the logical existence of god
peter abelard
dialectical method, sic et non
peter lombard
book of sentences
gratian
decretum
fourth lateran council
everyone must attend mass at least once a year to receive the eucaryst; defines important aspects of the church such as solidifying mass and transubstantiation
thomas aquinas
reconciled greek and biblical thought; wrote summa theologica
unam sanctamÂ
all authority goes through the pope; any authority the king has is a gift of the pope
council of constance
appoint martin v as pope but martin struggles against the council
petrarch
father of humanism; model for italian style and lyrical poetry
lorenzo valla
donation of constantine was forgery
erasmus
religious toleration; latin and greek editions of the new testament
martin luther
confronted indulgences; excommunicated by pope leo x
john calvin
wrote institutes; pastor and brought on calvinism
council of trent
pretestants were heretics and defined church teachings
investiture controversy
dispute over who could appoint bishops
dictatus papae
pope most important authority both religiously and politically; princes had to kiss the feet of the pope; pope could dispose emperors