•Greatest variety in freshwater lakes, ponds, and streams
–Some on tree bark, in animal fur, in snowbanks, in flatworms or sponges, on rocks, in lichen “partnerships.”
•Have chlorophylls a and b
•Store food as starch
•Most have a single nucleus per cell.
•Most reproduce both sexually and asexually.
What is Chlamydomona?
Green Algae
•Common inhabitant of freshwater pools
•Unicellular (acellular?)Pair of whip-like flagella on one end pull cell through water-(helps this plant move)
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
•Two or more vacuoles at base of flagella
–Regulate water content of cell and remove waste
•Single, cup-shaped chloroplast with one or two pyrenoids inside
–Pyrenoids - Proteinaceous structures associated with synthesis of starch
•Red eyespot near base of flagella
–Allows alga to swim toward light
Describe Chlamydomona's asexual reproduction.
Haploid is the basal state
–Nucleus divides by mitosis, and cell contents become two daughter cells within cellulose wall.
Each develop flagella and swim away.
No change in chromosome number; all cells remain haploid.
-budding, spliting
Describe Chlamydomona's sexual reproduction.
Gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote. becomes zygospore, undergoes meiosis internally and split off haploid cells
-Sooo only diploid for a very short amount of time.
What is Ulotrix? and name characteristics
-Green Algae,
•Filamentous with holdfast cell at one end
•Chloroplast - Wide, curved, somewhat flattened, with one to several pyrenoids.
Reproduces asexually and sexually.
What is Sprirogyra? Name Characteristics
Green algae
•Filaments of cylindrical cells
•Chloroplast ribbon-shaped and spirally wrapped around vacuole, with pyrenoids at regular intervals.
Describe reproduction of spirogyra.
Asexual- breaks off and creates a new holdfast cell.
Sexual- By Conjugation
–Papillae fuse and form conjugation tubes.
–Protoplasts fuse, forming zygote that develops thick wall.
–Eventually zygote undergoes meiosis.
What is Oedogonium? Name characteristics
Green algae- with holdfast
•Large netlike chloroplast with pyrenoids at intersections of net
Asexual-fragmentation breaks apart grows new filamentous
What is Chorella? What is Desmid?
Chorella- used for food source, that can be grown in culture. -only asexually
Desmids= important part of plankton
-reproduce by conjugation.
What is hydrodicotyon?
Green Algae, hexagonal meshes.
-
–Asexual reproduction, as well as isogamous sexual reproduction
–Isogamous = two flagellated gametes
What is Volvox?
- Colonial green algae held together in a secretion of gelatinous material, resembling hollow ball
–Reproduction asexual or sexual
oSmaller daughter colonies formed inside parent colony
What is Ulva? Explain characteristics.
(sea lettuce) - Multicellular seaweed with flattened green blades and basal holdfast to anchor blades to rocks
–Haploid and diploid blades
oDiploid blades produce spores that develop into haploid blades.
oHaploid blades bear gametangia that form gametes. Gametes fuse to form zygotes that grow into diploid blades
Exhibit isomorphism - Haploid and diploid blades indistinguishable
What phylum does yellow-green, goldent-brown, diatoms, and brown algae belong?
Phylum Chromophyta
What is Vaucheria?
Yellow-brown algae
–Oogamous, coenocytic, filamentous species
oAplanospores formed during asexual reproduction.Sexual reproduction rare
-Two flagella of motile cells are oriented in opposite directions
Where would you normall find golden-brown algae?
•Most occur in the plankton of fresh water.
–Motile cells have two flagella of unequal length inserted at right angles to each other.
oPhotoreceptor on short flagellum.
What are Diatoms? name characteristics of some.
•Unicellular
•Fresh and salt water, particularly abundant in cold marine habitats
•Also, dominate algal flora on damp cliffs, tree bark or buildings
•Look like ornate, glass boxes with lids
–As much as 95% of wall is silica.
•Chlorophylls a and c and fucoxanthin
•Food reserves - Oil, fats or laminarin
Describe Asexual reproduction of Diatoms.
•Asexual reproduction results in half of cells becoming progressively smaller.
•Original cell size restored through sexual reproduction.
What are characteristics of Brown algae?
•Relatively large; none unicellular or colonial
•Most marine; majority in cold, shallow water
•Many have a thallus differentiated into a holdfast, a stipe, and blades.
–Blades may have gas-filled bladders.
•Chlorophylls a and c, fucoxanthin
•Food reserve = laminarinAlgin Algin in cell walls
What is sargassum?
How does it reproduce?
Brown algae (Phaeophyceae)
•Sargassum - Floating brown seaweed
•Asexual reproduction by fragmentation or autospores.
What is Fucus?
Brown algae, common rockweed
–Sexual reproduction:
oReceptacles at tips of branches contain spherical chambers called conceptacles with gametangia inside.
Oogonium produces 8 eggs.
Antheridium produces 64 sperm.
oEggs and sperm released into water.
What phylum is Red algae? Name characteristics of red algae.
Phylum Rhodophyta.
•In warmer and deeper waters than brown algaeMost are filamentous with filaments so tightly packed they appear to have flattened blades or branched segments
•Relatively complex life cycle involving three types of thallus structures
•Nonmotile reproductive cells
Kelp forests consist of what kind of algae?
Brown algae
what are some cool things about red algae?
•Colors mostly due to phycobilins.
–Similar to those of cyanobacteria
oRed algae may have been derived from cyanobacteria.
•Chlorophylls a, and sometimes d
•Food reserve - Floridean starch
•Numbers of species produce agar.
What phylum is the dinoflagellates? Name characteristics.
Dinophyta
vThe Dinoflagellates
•Red tides - Sudden multiplication of dinoflagellates
–Some produce neurotoxins that accumulate in shell fish.
•Cellulose “armor plates” inside cell membrane
•Two flagella in intersecting grooves
–One trails behind cell - Acts as rudder
what are some cool things about dinoflaggelates?
•Most have disc-shaped chloroplasts.
–Contain xanthophyll pigments
–Chlorophylls a and c
•About 45% nonphotosynthetic
•Chromosomes remain condensed and visible throughout life of cell.
•Starch food reserve
Many have tiny projectiles that fire when irritated
What are human ecological relevance to algae?
•Most have disc-shaped chloroplasts.
–Contain xanthophyll pigments
–Chlorophylls a and c
•About 45% nonphotosynthetic
•Chromosomes remain condensed and visible throughout life of cell.
•Starch food reserve
Many have tiny projectiles that fire when irritated
What is Algin?
•Produced by giant kelps and other brown algae
–Ice cream, salad dressing
–Latex paint, textiles, ceramics
–Regulates water behavior
oControls development of ice crystals
oRegulates penetration of water
oStabilizes suspensions
Minerals and food
•Iodine from kelp
•Red algae
–Food - Dulse, nori
–Carrageenan - Thickening agent
vAgar
•Produced by red alga Gelidium
–Solidifier of nutrient culture media
–Retains moistness in bakery products
–Base for cosmetics
Charophytes
Closest relative to the plants from the green algae family
5 Differences Between Plants and Algae
apical meristems
spores produced in multicellular sporangia
multicellular gametangia
produce a multicellular depenent embryo
allteration of generations
Sporopollenin
A thick coating on seeds that keep them safer, this is not present in charophytes
Antheridia and Archegonia
The gametangia that can be formed for the plants
Archegonia is female organ
Antheridia is the male organ
Alternation of Generations
Lifecycle where a multicellular sporophyte and a multicellular gametophyte take turns producing each other gametophyte always being haploid and the the sporophyte always being diploid
5 Evolutionary Changes
Cuticle Formation- protective coating to keep leaves from drying out
Protection of the Embryo by the mother plant or some other method
Vascular Tissue once you get into the seedless vascular plants
Seeds forming to help with fertilization and spreading the species
Flowers to attract pollinators
Bryophytes
Small, fake leaved plants with no vascular tissue that often grow in temperate or tropical forests and near wetlands and streams
What does a cross section of a monocot stem look like? A dicot?
the vascular bundles are scattered in monocot
in a ring in dicot
What does the pollen of a monocot look like? A dicot?
Monocot = 1 pore or furrow
Dicot = 3 pores or furrows
What makes gymnosperms above mosses and ferns?
The presence of xylem and phloem in the sporophyte generation
What do the leaves of a typical gymnosperm look like?
needle-like leaves
what is the main way a gymnosperm reproduces?
via cones but....
some produce berry-like structures with seeds inside
True or false: all gymnosperms are woody
true
what makes the wood of a gymnosperm unique from an angiosperm woody plant?
they only have tracheids, which are found in the xylem
conducts water
Cycads: describe the tree appearance, cone size and location
palm like appearance
giant cones
tropical
How many species are found in the Ginkgophyta phylum?
One: Ginkgo biloba
Conifers: Describe the seed production, and in which biome they are found
cone bearing
found in Taiga of Northern hemisphere
Name the two classifications of angiosperms
Monocot
Eudicot
Which type of plant dominates Earth's flora?
Angiosperms
What are the typical forms angiosperms take?
herbs
shrubs
trees
flowers
What are the two key traits of the angiosperms?
Vessel elements
double fertilization
Why have angiosperms been so successful at pollination over the past 140 million years?
co-evolution with insect pollinators
co-evolution with animal dispersers
Why are angiosperms deciduous? (lose leaves)
to beat drought
Name the 4 main whorls of a pedagogical flower
Sepals
Petals
Carpels
Stamens
Name the two male elements of a flower, and what the entire male portion is called
anther
filament
The male part is called the stamen
Name the 3 parts of the female section of the flower, and what the entire female portion is called
stigma
style
ovary
The entire female portion is called the carpel
Which 2 elements make up the corolla?
the petals and sepals
What is the difference between complete and incomplete flowers?
complete have all 4 whorls
incomplete lack one or more whorls
What is a perfect flower?
has male and female organs
What is an imperfect flower? Give one example
staminate or carpellated flowers
Corn = monoecious has both stamen and carpels on the same plant
Why does a monocot only have one pore on the pollen coat? Why does a eudicot have 3?
monocot = only one sperm tube enters ovary
eudicot = three sperm tubes enter ovary
What is the dominant generation in the angiosperms?
sporophyte
Draw and label the embryo sack of an angiosperm
legume or pod
follicle (milkweed)
capsule (poppy)
samara (maple)
also the scary chick from "The Ring"
achene (sunflower seed)
grain
nut
berry
hesperidium
hesper = Greek warrior with shield (the covering)
pepo (pumpkin, squash)
has a rhind
pome
accessory fruits
drupe
"stone fruit"
cherry also
aggregate (raspberry)
multiple fruit
What is the definition of a fruit?
the ripened ovary of a flower
Name the taxonomic hierarchy in order, from greatest to most specific
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What is the switching between sporophytic and gametophytic phases of the life cycle called?
alternation of generations
Where does unlimited growth occur in plants?
meristems (roots and shoots)
Which cell type is this?
epidermis (onion)
living at maturity
Which cell type is this?
parenchyma
living at maturity
thin primary cell walls
APPLESAUCE
Which cell type is this?
collenchyma
thickened
strands for support
CELERY
which cell type is this?
sclerenchyma (hard)
"stone cells"
GRITTY PEARS
AGAVE
Where are carbohydrates stored in plants?
roots
What is the word for "plant death?"
Hint: means old man in latin
