-
cell wall antibiotics
- target PTG
- contain
 -lactam ring - penicillins
-
cell membrane antibiotics
- disrupe membrane fcn by forming pores for cytoplasm to come out
- polymyxin, amphotericin
-
protein synthesis antibiotics (4 main inhibitors)
- 1) aminoglycosides
- 2) tetracycline
- 3) chloramphenicol
- 4) erythromycin
-
antimetabolites
prevent precursors to important proteins from being made
-
primary targets of antiviral drugs
- prevention of attachment/release
- DNA synthesis
-
3 antiviral agents discussed
- 1) interferon
- 2) nucleotide analogs
- 3) drugs to prevent attachement
-
superinfection
- secondary infection that is a result of antibiotic use
- population of body microbes affected with broad spectrum antibiotic taken
-
methods of action for attachment prevention
- block receptor on cell
- block enzymatic activity on surface of cell to inhibit release/attachment of virus
-
drug resistance
- microbe used to be sensitive to drug, but no longer is
- ex: MERSA
-
MERSA
methacillin resistant S. aureus
-
How to combat drug resistance (4)
- 1) maintain high concentration of drug in body
- 2) combination/synergistic drugs
- 3) limit use
- 4) new drugs
-
resident microbiota of skin
- areas of skin that are more moist have more microbes
- very few species on conjunctiva
-
resident microbiota of respiratory tract
- mose has unique microbiota
- sparse in trachea/bronchii
- none in alveoli
-
resident microbiota of upper GI
- colonize surface of mouth
- found in large numbers in saliva
- scant in stomach/small intestine (too acidic)
-
resident microbiota of lower GI
- mostly strict anaerobes
- >400 species ID'd
- mutualistic
-
flora balance disruptors (7)
- 1) stress
- 2) starvation
- 3) parasitic organisms
- 4) altitude changes
- 5) diarrhea
- 6) antibiotics
- 7) probiotics
-
resident microbiota of the urinary & reproductive systems
- mix of skin & gut microbes
- change during puberty, menopause, with menstrual cycle
-
Sites that do NOT have normal flora
- alveoli
- bladder, kidneys, ureter
-
pathogenicity
ability of a pathogen to produce an infectious disease in an organism
-
pathogen
infectious agent that causes disease in its host
-
virulence
- how sick a pathogen makes you
- determined by how many virulence factors a microbe possesses
-
virulence factor
molecules expressed and secreted by pathogens to infect its host
-
infection
microbes growing in a host and moving farther in
-
contamination
microbe gets on you
-
disease
outward symptoms of an infection
-
toxin
poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms
-
intoxication
caused by a toxin produced by microbes from outside the body and then ingested by a person
-
toxemia
presence of toxins in the blood
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