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What factors can cause a population to increase in size?
Increase in birth rate compared to death rate and immigration compared to emigration
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What factors can cause a population to decrease in size?
Increase in death rate compared to birth rate and emigration compared to immigration
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What is th difference between abiotic and biotic factors?
Abiotic are the nonliving portions of the environment and biotic are the living portions
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What type of dispersal pattern is most common? Why is this the most common?
Clumped is most common, mainly because resources tend to be clumped
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Why can't a population have exponential growth indefinitely?
Limiting factors affect every population - amount of food/water/space, etc.
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Give an example of a density independent factor.
- Affects the size of the population regardless of how many individuals
- Ex: fire, freezing weather, pesticides etc.
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Give an example of a density dependent factor:
- Affects the size of the population more and more as the population gets larger and larger
- ex: food supply, water supply, etc.
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How much energy is lost as you move from one trophic level to another?
90% is lost.
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What processes return water to the atmosphere in the water cycle?
Evaporation and transpiration
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You go to KFC and get chicken, a roll and coleslaw. What trophic level are you eating at?
2nd (primary consumer) and 3rd (secondary consumer)
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What are the 4 major factors that have led to the exponential growth seen in humans?
Agriculture, medical advances, improved sanitation, better methods to store and ship food
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Richness and evenness are used to determine the __________ of a community.
Biodiversity
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Chemicals (nutrients) are cycled between the _____ and _______ parts of an ecosystem.
Abiotic and biotic
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What organisms help cycle energy through the ecosystem?
None, energy is not cycled
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What is a keystone species?
A species that has a disproportionate effect on its community structure/ environment in relation to its abundance.
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How many species are found in a specific niche?
One
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When zebra mussels were accidentally introduced into the Great Lakes the result was the elimination of other mollusks. This is an example of what process?
Competitive exclusion
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What defense mechanism does the viceroy butterfly use to help avoid predation?
Butesian mimicy
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What are some of the chemicals that are recycled?
Carbon, water, nitrogen, phosphorus
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WHat is the source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Cellular respiration, burning of wood, burning of fossil fuels.
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What is an example of a lose/lose interaction?
Competition
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What is transpiration?
The process where plants release water into the atmosphere.
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Where on land is the highest NPP?
Near the equator
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What causes the dead zone found in the Gulf of Mexico? (the area where no oxygen is present)
increased amounts of nutrients, mainly nitrogen
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What is meant by overexploitation?
Taking more individuals than the population can sustain or replace
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What is bycatch?
The nontarget species that are caught
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What is the biggest threat to biodiversity?
Habitat destruction
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What are advantages to chemical control of invasive species?
Can generally cover a large area quickly and fast results.
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What is the biggest threat to biodiversity?
Habitat destruction
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What are advantages to chemical control of invaive species?
Can generally cover a large area quickly and fast results
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What are disadvantages to chemical control of invasive species?
May effect nontarget species, may persist in environment, may be toxic to other organisms.
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Give examples of greenhouse gases?
CO2, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide
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What chemical has probably causes the ozone hole?
CFCs
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What is the function of the ozone layer?
Block most of the UV radiation from reaching the earth's surface
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Pollination is an example of an ___________ service.
ecosystem
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What are all viruses composed of?
Capsid and nucleic acid
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What 2 groups of organisms are the most important decomposers?
Bacteria and fungi
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What organisms fix nitrogen?
Bacteria
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What does fixing nitrogen mean?
Converting the nitrogen in the air into a form that plants can use.
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Which organisms form mycorrhizae?
Plants (their roots) and fungi
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