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diaspora
scattering of Jewish people from their homeland
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Gentiles
persons of non-Jewish faith/origin
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Paschal Mystery
Jesus' suffering, death, Resurrection, and Ascension
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Apologist
Christian thinkers who defended and explained beliefs
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canon
complete list of sacred books of the Bible
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heresy
belief, attitude, teaching that is contrary to the Church's doctrine
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Orthodoxy
"right teaching;" belief, attitude, teaching consistent with the Church's doctrine
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Apostolic See
the papacy; identifying the pope as successor to Peter
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Arianism
heresy denying that Jesus is truly God
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ecumenical council
meeting in which all bishops of the world are invited to exercise their authority in union with the pope to address Church concerns
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Fathers of the Church
early Church leaders whose teachings collectively helped formulate Christian doctrine
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Pontifex Maximus
"greatest bridge builder;" title for emperors and later popes
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celibacy
"state if condition of those who have chosen to remain unmarried to give themselves entirely to serving God"
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grace
free and undeserved gift; our participation in the life of God
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patriarch
Christian bishop of early Church in certain major cities of the Roman Empire
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liturgical calendar
seasons and feasts of Church year that mark events in lives of Christ, Mary, and the saints
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conclave
meeting of cardinals to elect a pope
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simony
payment of money to be appointed to Church office
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lay investiture
practice of lay persons (kings) appointing bishops, priests, abbots, and abbesses
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filioque
Latin for "and from the Son;" led to Great Western Schism
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conciliarism
belief that Church councils have greater authority than the pope
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mysticism
knowledge of God through an intense experience
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papal bull
formal decree by pope sealed with round leaden seal
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Diet of Worms
meetin of leadership of the Holy Roman Empire during which Luther refused to defend his beliefs
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indulgences
remission of temporal punishment resulting from sin for onself and for souls in purgatory
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justification of faith
God's gracious act of rendering sinful humans to be holy and endowed with grace
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ninety-five theses
posted on Oct. 31, 1517; Luther's statement of principles regarding penance and abuse of indulgences
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reformation
series of political/religious events beginning in sixteenth century that resulted in division of Western Christianity into seperate communities
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rationalism
theory that nothing is true unless founded on scientifically demonstrable proofs based solely on reason and five senses
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Council of Jerusalem (50AD)
first council; called to resolve issues w/ Gentiles becoming Jewish
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Council of Nicaea (325AD)
condemned Arianism; formed Nicene Creed
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Council of Constance (1415AD)
ended Great Western Schism
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Council of Trent (1545AD)
priestly reform/guidelines; clarifying Church teachings w/ Catechism
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"Babylonian Captivity"
period in which the pope resided in Avignon in Kingdom of Naples
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Hellenization
spread of Greek culture that began during the time of Alexander the Great
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Pentecost
50th day after Easter; Holy Spirit came to Jesus' followers and helped institute the Church
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Acts of the Apostles
book of NT telling story of early Christian community beginning with Pentecost
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Roman Persecutions
time of extreme persecution and intolerance against Christians in Rome (began w/ Nero blaming them for fire in Rome)
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leadership roles
assigned in Acts of the Apostles; give Apostles responsibilities to carry out the Church
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Edict of Milan
declaration issued by Constantine in 313AD allowing religious freedom in Roman Empire
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Fall of Rome
occurred in 476AD
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Monasticism
emphasis on monastic life and seclusion (monks)
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conversion of Europe
missionaries brought Christianity to Europe
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Crowning of Charlemagne
crowned Holy Roman Emperor Pope Leo III in 800
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feudalism
hierarchical society based on wealth and land in Middle Ages; adopted after Christendom crumbled
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Cluny Reform
initiated by French monastary in 910AD; simple living with an emphasis on prayer and self-relience
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Great Western Schism
period from 1378-1417 when two/three people claimed papacy
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Black Death
began in Asia/spread through trade routes from Constantinope by fleas and rats; bubonic plague that turned body parts black from lack of blood
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rise of nationalism
sense of pride and self-worth for one's country
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Luther's beliefs:
Scripture alone, grace alone, spirit alone, faith alone
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Catholic Reformation
began with Council of Trent in 1545AD; first Catechism helped clarify ideals
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Enlightenment
17th century movement based solely on reason; Descartes: "I think, therefore, I am;" goal to question everything and accept only rational things
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Jews of Diaspora
didn't live in Israel
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Visigoths
first to overtake Rome in 400s
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common language of Church in East
common language of Church in West
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hijrah
first year in Muslim calendar
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Battle of Tours
led by Charles Martel; prevented Islam from controlling Europe
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early Church missionaries
Boniface, Gregory, Patrick, Wenceslaus, Bridget
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accomplishments of Charlemagne
established many schools; promoted use of Latin throughout Western Church
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Christendom
Europe united civilly and spiritually under Pope and Holy Roman Emperor
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Scholasticism
using reason/philosophy to explain Christian teachings
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Unam Sanctum
papal bull issued by Boniface VIII that expressed sole authority of the pope
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