-
What Nonverbal Behavior Communicates
1. Relational Messages
2. Status
3. Deception
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(1 of 6) Nonverbal codes
Facial Expressions
- Convey emotions and attitudes and
- Universality of many facials(eyebrow flash of recognition, nose wrinkle, disgust
- face)
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(1 of 6) Nonverbal Codes
Proxemics
- contact cultures-tend to stand close together and touch frequently(S. America, Middle
- East and Southern Europe) Noncontact cultures- maintain more space and touch
- less often(Great Britain and Japan)
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(1 of 6) Nonverbal Codes
Gestures
Varied use, can be taught to outsiders due to accessibility and conscious awareness
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(1 of 6) Nonverbal Codes
Eye Contact
1. Respect and Deference 2. Power and Attraction 3. Regulates turn taking
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(1 of 6) Nonverbal Codes
Chronemics
Study of use of time, culturally-
- monochronic-commodity of time/linear
- Polychronic-Holistic/Circular
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(1 of 6) Nonverbal Codes
Silence
- US generally not highly valued, Power of silence to discipline or to take away voice
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Semiotics
- of signs and symbols of communication and their meanings, a
- useful tool for examining the various ways that meaning is created in
- advertisements, tattoos, clothing, and other cultural artifacts. Study the context in which the
- signifiers(words and symbols) are placed to understand which meanings are being
- communicated.
-
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Home, neighborhood and regionalism
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Postmodern Cultural Space
Defined by cultural practices;
- Fluid/Mobile;used to construct language and cultural spaces
- that are challenging to form otherwise (language and cultural groups outside of
- one’s home country)
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Types of Migrant Groups
Voluntary Migrants
- are Sojourners & Immigrants; (sojourners travel for a limited time and with a specific purpose;
- Immigrants are individuals/families that often voluntarily leave one country to
- reside in another
-
Types of Migrant groups
Involuntary Migrants
- are Long-term & Short-term Refugees; (long-term are usually forced to move due to war,
- feminine, oppression; and, Short-term are people forced to move from their
- region or country, e.g., political reasons, natural disasters,
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Migrant-Host Relationships
- (Assimilation, Separation,
- Integration, Marginalization, Cultural Hybridity)
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Cultural Hybridity
- Migrants and families who often combine the four different modes of
- relating to the host society of assimilating, integrating, marginalizing, and
- separating depending on issue/situation/context.
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Cultural Adaptation & Models:
1. Anxiety & Uncertainty Management Model
- Uncertainty Reduction Process (Lessening uncertainty while adapting to new
- culture by seeking information).
- Predictive Uncertainty (The inability TO PREDICT WHAT someone will say or
- do)
- Explanatory Uncertainty
- (The inability TO EXPLAIN WHY people do what they do)
-
Cultural Adaptation &Models:
2. U-Curve Model
- Cultural Shock- Relatively
- short-term feeling of disorientation due to the lack of familiar cues in the
- environment
- Top Left of “U”:
- EXICITEMENT AND ANTICIPATION
- Bottom of “U”: SHOCK
- AND DISORIENTATION
- Top Right of “U”:
- GRADUAL ADAPTATION
- May experience multiple U-Curves while
- visiting a new place and people…UUUUU as challenges arise and communication
- competency develops
-
Cultural Adaptation & Models:
3. Transitional Model (fight, flight, flex)
- FLIGHT APPROACH (Study culture; observe; watch and learn).
- Positive: More knowledge going into culture; Negative: Can zap spontaneity of
- doing and learning through trial and error.
- FIGHT APPROACH (Trial and error). Positive: More apt to
- remember how to do things if you make mistakes and learn from them; Negative:
- Higher chance that you might offend or disrespect others
- FLEX APPROACH: Generally, a productive balance of
- knowledge and spontaneity in learning; walk in with some knowledge yet go with
- the flow
-
Cultural Adaptation & Models:
4. Communication Systems model (Double Edge
Issue)
- COMMUNICATION’S DOUBLE EDGE OF ADAPTATION: The more you communicate the more you learn,
- but the more you communicate the more apt you are to have or raise more
- questions and face new challenges while visiting
-
RE-ENTRY SHOCK
- can be as if not more challenging than
- culture shock. Person goes through a
- whole other set of excitement to return home and being home, spirals down due
- to not feeling or being the same person prior to taking the sojourn, and over
- time can begin to feel better about integrating some of their old ways with the
- new lessons learned and new identity gained.
-
What is folk culture
- Traditional and non-mainstream cultural activities that are
- not financially driven (e.g., Amish cultural events, folk dancing); More
- challenging to find these days given globalization.
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FOUR Significant Characteristics of Pop Culture
- 1. IT IS PRODUCED BY CULTURE INDUSTRIES (Industries that
- produce and sell popular culture as commodities),
2. IT DIFFERS FROM FOLK CULTURE,
3. IT IS EVERYWHERE (UBIQUITOUS),
- 4. IT FILLS A SOCIAL FUNCTION (e.g., THINK OF HOW FILMS GET US
- TO COMMUNICATE ABOUT OUR IDENTITIES AND LIVES)
-
Notion of Resisting;
Cultural imperialism
1. AS CULTURAL DOMINATION
- 2. AS MEDIA IMPERIALISM=Domination or control through Media (e.g., HARRY POTTER in Kerala,
- India)
3. AS NATIONALIST DISCOURSE
4. AS A CRITIQUE OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM
5. AS A CRITIQUE OF MODERNITY
-
SIX Intercultural Relationship Dialectics
- DIFFERENCES----SIMILARITIES
- (OF CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS, PRACTICES, ETC.)
- CULTURAL----INDIVIDUAL (INFLUENCES IN HOW WE BEHAVE/COMMUNICATE,
- E.G., DIRECT/INDIRECT COMM.)
CULTURAL PRIVILEGES-----CULTURAL DISADVANTAGES
PERSONAL----CONTEXTUAL
- STATIC-----DYNAMIC (E.G.,
- HOLD TRADITIONS VS. CHANGING CULTURAL PRACTICES)
- HISTORY/PAST----PRESENT/FUTURE
- (CULTURAL ORIENATIONS TO TIME)
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Benefits & Challenges of IC Relationships
Benefits-
- We can acquire
- specific and general cultural knowledge beyond out local comunities
Breaking down/getting beyond stereotypes
- Aquire new skills
- sets(cooking/language)
-
Benefits &Challenges of IC Relationships ;
Challenges
Dealing with the cultural differences
- Tendency to stereotype( Particularly when frustrated with the
- cultural differences in a variety of situations)
- Anxiety(From culture shock, lack of skills, and dealing with the
- unknown/ non preferred practices)
Challenge in explaining ourselves as a couple to others
-
Quanxi
- Relational networks used(Shared identities based on native
- place, kinship, and school) in order to get things done through the network vs.
- a more autonomous “doing” of U.S. practice.
-
Romano’s characteristics of challenges in international
marriages
- Many couples face issues of friends, politics, finances, sex,
- in-laws, illness, and suffering and raising children.
- The following issues are intensified in intercultural
- marriages:
- Values, Eating and drinking habits, gender roles, attitudes
- regarding use of time, language issues, religion, place of residence, dealing
- with anxiety/stress due to negotiating differences, social stigma/opposition
- and ethnocentrism.
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FOUR STYLES of working out Power Balance in Intercultural Relationships/Couples;
Submission Style
- Most common; one partner submits to the culture of the other, may be different negotiations in public vs
- private.
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FOUR STYLES of working out Power Balance in Intercultural Relationships/Couples;
Compromise Style
- Each gives up some parts of his/her cultural habits. Seems fair but be
- careful because sacrifices are occurring, you have to be okay with what your
- giving up!
-
FOUR STYLES of working out Power Balance in Intercultural Relationships/Couples;
Obliteration Style
- Attempt to erase facets of individual cultures to create a “new” culture;
- possibly living in a cultural space that is “home” to neither person; not a
- good long term solution.
-
FOUR STYLES of working out Power Balance in Intercultural Relationships/Couples;
Consensus Style
- Most desirable; based on agreement and negotiation. Similar to
- compromise in that both give and take, but there is no perception of a “trade
- off” because both like the changes/decisions.
- Might include on occasion another style to negotiate public and private
- lives, but this is done with flexibility and negotiation.
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Two Orientations to Conflict:
Opportunity(4 assumptions)
Conflict is a normal, useful process
All issues are subject to change through negotiation
Direct confrontation and conciliation are valued
- Conflict is a necessary renegotiation of an implied contract—a redistribution of opportunity,
- release of tensions, and renewal of relationships
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Two Orientations to Conflict:
Destructive ( 4 assumptions)
Conflict is a destructive disturbance of the peace
- The social system should not be adjusted to meet the needs of
- members; rather, members should adapt to established values
Confrontations are destructive and ineffective
Disputants should be disciplined
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FIVE TYPES of Conflict
- 1. Affective conflict, 2. Conflict of Interests, 3. Value conflict, 4. Cognitive
- conflict, 5. Goal conflict
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FIVE Strategies & Tactics of Conflict:
1. Dominating, 2. Integrating, 3. Compromising, 4. Obliging, 5. Avoiding
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Facework
- communication strategy used to save our own or someone else’s
- face or public image
-
Individual Components:
- 1. Motivation, 2. Knowledge (self, linguistic), 3. Attitudes (tolerance for ambiguity, empathy,
- transpection, nonjudgmentalism), 4. Behavior and Skills
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FOUR levels of Intercultural Competence:
UNCONSCIOUS INCOMPETENCE
- “Be ourself/yourself approach”; Not conscious of differences and do not need to act
- in any particular way due to context and culture; Works best if highly similar
- in cultural values, etc. But in
- intercultural relationships being outsleves often means that we’re not very
- effective, and we don’t realize out ineptness in other cultural contexts.
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FOUR levels of Intercultural Competence:
CONSCIOUS INCOMPETENCE
- People realize things may not be going very well in
- the interaction, but they are not sure why.
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FOUR levels of Intercultural Competence:
CONSCIOUS COMPETENCE
- I teach at this conscious, intentional level, analytical thinking and
- learning; reaching this level is necessary of becoming a competent
- communicator.
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FOUR levels of Intercultural Competence:
UNCONSCIOUS COMPETENCE
- Communication goes smoothly, but not a conscious process;
- Analytic and holistic parts are functioning together; knowing when to let go
- and rely on your holistic cognitive processing.
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Contextual Components
1. Entering into Dialogue
2. Becoming Interpersonal Allies
3. Building Coalitions
- 4. Forgiveness/Social
- Justice & Transformation
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