Final Exam 2 ch. 16-22

buccal cavity

gingiva

bumps on tongue, contain taste buds

the nerve networks in the submucosa are called
regulates secretions

the portion of the entric nervous sysstem in this layer and some it its millions of neurons receive autonmic impulses

Bile acts as an emulsifying agent in the digestive tract by dispersing ingested fats into small globules.
large globules are broken down to smaller globules

circular folds, are macroscopic folds of the mucosa and sumucosa, somewhat like accordion pleats

its the longitudinal smooth muscles layer of the colon is in thress bands called

the vitamins absorbed are those produced by what are also called trillions of bacteria that live in the colon.

breaking down with teeth, tongue

starts with saliva has enzynmes, stomach acid

Digestive System

where are the sphincters

lingual lipase

amylase

Pepsin

trypsin

peptidases

sucrase

maltase

Lactase

small stomach

large intestine

absorption of small intestine

what enzyme digest proteins

building up molecules

breaking down larger molecules into smaller building blocks
releases energy also produces heat and work

sum of all chemical processes in the body. mixture of taking energy to break food molecules down and geting energy from that and release enery
energy exchange thorughout the body

heat from body is transfered to cooler objects not touching the skin

loss of heat to cooler air or objects such as clothing, that touch the skin.

the air currents move the warmer air away from the skin surface and facilitate the loss of heat."wind chill factor"

substances that may cause a fever are called

the inflammatory chemicals are called

a medication such as aspirin, that lowers a fever

cytochrome transport chain aka

what is cytochrome

to get rid of a hydrogen is

storgage form of glucose (C6H12Oc)

not enough oxygen.
anaerobic pathway

aerobic pathway
have more oygen

heat production

heat loss

what are the 3 steps to cell respiration

what is the role of carrier molecule NAD and FAD

what does Calorie measures

complete proteins

incomplete proteins are

mineral invovled in teeth, bones, coenzyme, energy production. help relax muscles, bowel function

involved in teeth, bones, ATP, part of DNA, RNA is a buffer system in body that balance pH in the body

function is fluid balance, maintain nerve muscle signals
allsow signals to travel through out body
part of buffer system

located behind the peritoneum

receives fluid and electrolytes (filtrate)

what is the outermost layer of the kidney

carry toward a center or a main part

to carry away from a center or a main part

the cells that form the inner layer of Bowman's capsule of therenal corpuscle adjacent foot processes form pores that make the layer very permeable

the capillaries that surround the renal tubule and receive the useful materials reabsorbed from the renal filtrate; carry blood form the efferent arteriole to the renal vein

cell drinking. reabsorption proteins back into cells

is a test used to check how well the kidneys are working. Specifically,
it estimates how much blood passes through the tiny filters in the
kidneys, called glomeruli, each minute

A chemical compound that may be used to inhibit the tubular reabsorption
of ions from glomerular filtrate, especially sodium ions, thereby
resulting in greater amounts of that ion in the urine.

Medicine that increases the amount of urine produced and relieves excess
fluid buildup in body tissues. Diuretics may be used in treating high
blood pressure, lung disease, premenstrual syndrome, and other
conditions.

 an antidiuretic hormone, produced in hypothalamic nuclei and
stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, that suppresses
urine formation by permitting the resorption of water-collecting ducts
in the kidneys.

pertaining to an area near or adjacent to the afferent and efferent arterioles of the kidney glomerulus

A triangle or trigonum.2. The first three dominant cusps of an upper molar tooth.

bladder muscle

voiding

Abnormally slight or infrequent urination.

Excessive passage of urine, as in diabetes.

what are the functions of the kidney

which molecules are regulated by kidneys to balance pH

increases reabsorption of water from the filtrate to the blood

increases reabsorption of Ca+2 ions from filtrate t othe blood and excretion of phosphate ions into the filtrate.

increases reabsorption of Na+ ions from the filtrate to the boood and excretion of K+ ions into the filtrate. Wate is reabsorbed following the reaborption of sodium

decrease reabsorption of Na+ ions, wich remain in the filtrate. More sodium and water are eliminated in urine

the renin-angiotensin mechanism

identifying normal urine

is a mineral that takes on a charge when its dissolved in water

positive charge ion

charge particle

negatively charge ion

pair of molecule which can counter act acids or bases

water intake vs. output

what are the 3 buffer system

reproductive cell
sperm or eggs

gamete formation (sex cell formation)

1st fertilized cell
product of fertilization

site of sperm production
spermatogenesis

a supporting epithelial cell which lacks a specialist function

A cell that occurs between the germ cells of the gonads and that may furnish the male sex hormone

the caplike, membrane-bound structure covering the anterior portion of
the head of a spermatozoon; it contains enzymes for penetrating the
oocyte

A long, narrow, convoluted tube in the spermatic duct system that lies
on the posterior aspect of each testicle and connects with the vas
deferens.

estrogen, progesterone, produces hormones within the ovaries
placenta produces during pregnancy.
pregnancy test

structure within which ovuum develops

fingerlike structure which receive ovuum

implantation in uterin tube

ectopic

white fibrous tissue that replaces the regressing corpus luteum in the human ovary in the latter half of pregnancy, or soon after ovulation when pregnancy does not supervene.

mitosis 46 chromosomes
daughter cells
              46
           46   46

meosis 46 chromosomes
               46
          23      23

A membrane that partially or completely covers the vaginal opening

the external genital organs of the female, including the mons pubis,
labia majora and minora, clitoris, and vestibule of the vagina.

The absence of menstrual periods is called
lack of flow

what are the 3 layers of the uterus

which layer affects menstrual cycle

regulates hormones

the shedding of the endometrium of the uterus

occurs about 14 days after the menstrual cycle and is when ovulation occurs (release of an oocyte, or egg)

change in acrosome which allows sperm to penetrate ovuum

union of sperm and ovuum

time period of whole pregnancy

immature placenta
group of cells that becomese or develops into the placenta

hCG

what is the hormone produced bychorian (placenta) itself

parturition

full copy of DNA

section of DNA which codes for a specific trait

expression of a gene
what you inheret from your parents
what outcome you inherited

the other 22 chromosomes
the 22 chromosomes minus the sex chromosomes is known as

genetic makeup

how you actually look
your actual expression of your genetic makeup

the gene that will be expressed if its present

in order for the gene to be expressed there needs to be 2 copies for the gene to be expressed

a pair of chromosomes, one maternal and one paternal, that contain genes for the same characteristics

an embryonic membrane that holds the fetus suspended in amniotic fluid; fuses with the chorion by the end of the 3rd month of gestation

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
nervous system, pituatary gland, adrenal medulla
eyes, ears,
mucosa of oral and nasal cavity

muscular connective tissue, kidneys, bone marrow, blood, lymphatic, bone, cartlige

digestive and respiratory tract
lungs, liver, pancreas, thyroid gland
stomach, intestines

the simplest animal-like microorganisms in the kingdom Protista; usually unicellular
some are colonial
may be free living or parasitic
small microscopic organism

microbe, amoeba, giardia, leishmania, malaria, are examples of

helminths

insects
vectors for protozoa or bacteria
invertebrate animals characterized by an exoskeleton and jointed appendages; includes insects, spiders, ticks, mites, and crustaceans

an arthropod that transmits pathogens from host to host, usually when it bites to obtain blood

the ability of a microorganism to cause disease
the degree of pathogenicity

the total of all of the body's defeses against pathogens;
includes the non-specific aspects of innate immunity such as unbroken skin and the specific mechanism of adaptive immunity such as anti-body production

container for infection
reproduction of pathogen

time between infection and signs and symptoms appears

infection all over body

objective finding, Temp. WBC count

subjective findings
felt by patient

the presence of bacteria in the blood

an infection acquired in a hospital or other healthcare institution

tinea corporis

tinea cruris

tinea pedis

mycosis

saprophytes

study of fungi

always present in population
ex. cold, cold sores, yeast infection

localized outbreak, periodic outbreak locally
ex. flu, west nile virus

worldwide outbreak

infection that comes from something living similiar to vector
infection spread from a vector
diseases of animals that may be transmitted to people under certain conditions

inanimate objects capable of transmitting infectious microorganisms from one host to another.

a machine that uses steam under pressure for sterilization

a bacterial form that is dormant and highly resistant to environmental extremes such as heat
a unicellular fungal repoductive form

the protein shell of a virus
is the little capsule around the virus made of protein

an organism that lives on dead organic matter
a decomoser

means have to have a host and cant live without a host

resident flora

bacteria that live in our bodies for a short time
short term resident

will wait till immune function is low and cause a disease is known as

coccus

bacillus

spirillum

diplo

strepto

staphylo

how are bacteria classified

prokaryote

eukaryote

cleans with soap and water

cleans with chemical agent

kills all pathogens using heat-steam or boiling

listerine, hydrogen peroxide, garlic oil are examples of

a protein which disrupts viral replication

bacteria the take stains

bacteria that will not take stains

bacteris that are  not inhibited in either situation
they are able to reproduce in either the presence or absense oxygen

infection is on that is confined to one area of the body

bacteria in the blood is called

serious infection where immune defeses have been completely overwhelmed and are unable to stop the spread of the pathogen

infection made possible by primary infection that has lowered the host's resistance

infection generated from within