Bio Chapter 12

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

virus that infects bacteria

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine

granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment

enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA

region of DNA that indicates to enzyme where to blind to make RNA

sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

group of genes operating together

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo