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In Hess's law, what can be done with the reactants and the products?
added and subtracted
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When you reverse an equation in Hess' technique, what must happen?
change the sign
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Standard heats of formation:
the enthalpy change for the formation of one mole of substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states
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True or False:
The standard heats of formation are per one mole.
- False:
- the standard heats of formation are per whatever mole we were given in the reaction (the limiting reactant)
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What is the standard heat of formation for any element in its standard staet?
zero
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In Hess' law and standard heats of formation, the reactants are
a. positive
b. negative
b. negative
-
In Hess' law and standard heats of formation, the products are:
a. positive
b. negative
a. positive
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How can we figure out the standard heat of formation?
Products - reactants
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How can bond dissociation energy be used?
to approximate the value for standard heats of formation
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How do we solve for H with bond dissociation?
Reactants- products
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in bond dissociation the reactants are:
a. positve
b. negative
b. positive
-
In bond dissociation, the reactants are:
a. positive
b. negative
b. negative
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What is the second law of thermodynamics:
reactions proceed in the direction that increases the entropy (S) of the system plus surroundings
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Spontaneous process
one that proceeds on its own without any continous external influence
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Nonspontaneous process
takes place only in the presence of a continuous external influence
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The measure of molecular disorder in a system is called the system's __; this is __. What are the units?
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Positive value of dS indicates __.
increased disorder
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Negative value of dS indicates __.
decreased disorder
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In terms of both enthalpy and entropy, explain a spontaneous process?
- -dH (decrease in enthalpy)
- +dS (increase in entropy)
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In terms of both enthalpy and entropy, explain a nonspontaneous process?
- +dH (increase in enthalpy)
- -dS (decrease in entropy)
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Which is favored: spontaneous or nonspontaneous?
spontaneous
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What is Gibb's Free Energy Change?
weighs the relative contributions of enthalpy and entrophy to the overall spontaneity of a process
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When is G spontaneous?
when negative
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When is dG nonspontaneous?
when positive
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When is dG at equilibrium?
when 0
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What does q symbolize?
quantity of heat transferred
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The higher the heat capacity (C), what?
the greater the amount of heat needed to produce a given temperature change
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