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Concrete operational stage
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Happens during middle child hood. The ability to think logically about the world)
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Decentration:
Thinking that takes multiple variables into account. “A ball of clay that was rolled in a sausage shape is wider than it was before.”
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Reversibility:
The clay sausage can be made back into a ball of clay.”
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Inductive logic
know from experience that if I run down the stairs, chances are I may fall.
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Class inclusion
“bananas come from fruit, fruit is food”
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Processing efficiency
“I can use my short term memory well.”
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Automaticity
“I can remember things without using my short term memory.”
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“actually using strategies to remember.”
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Memory strategies
MORES
1) Mnemonic: Find a phrase that has meaning using the first letter of each word to be memorized. “Every Good Boy Does Fine.”
2) Organization: Grouping, “All of a type”
3) Rehearsal: Repetition
4) Elaboration: Finding a shared meaning
5) Systematic Searching: “Reviewing all the information mentally to remember something.”
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· Recognizing your own emotions,
- · Managing you’re own , emotion
- · Recognizing others, emotionManaging others emotion
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Learning disability
Normal intelligence, difficulty mastering specific skills
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Parent training important in ADHD:
Parent training is important, how to structure and manage their life. Structure the day and time how to recognize when they are doing bad or good and de-escalation. Hyper active: do what the y want and the impulsive inattentive type: can’t focus
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During this stage children develop a sense of their own competence through achievement.
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Big 5 personality theory
OCEAN
- 1. Openness try new things
- 2. *Conscientiousness show up for work , stay in school
- 3. Extraversion You feel alive when your with people
- 4. *Agreeableness always have a complaint
- 5. Neuroticism people who worry to much
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1. Openness try new things
- 2. *Conscientiousness show up for work , stay in school
- 3. Extraversion You feel alive when your with people
- 4. *Agreeableness always have a complaint
- 5. Neuroticism people who worry to much
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Bandura’s Model: How personal, behavioral and environmental factors interact to influence personality development
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Self –efficacy
“the amount you believe in yourself or what you can do.”
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Relational aggression
when you try to damage another person’s self –esteem or peer relationships , by excluding , gossiping, or mean facial expressions
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Popular, rejected and neglected
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child may be attractive and different from peers, causing rejection or neglect ion
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Withdrawn/rejected:
kids realize that they are disliked by their peers and give up
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Aggressive/rejected
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- kids are disruptive and bossy and still feel that they are liked by their peers
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Media influences (Bobo Doll Studies)Albert Bandura
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demonstrated the effects of televised violence on children behavior. In these studies children were found to imitate adult’s violent treatment on an inflatable clown that was depicted on the film.
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Matures rapidly during adolescence and contributes to advances in executive processing.
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The fourth of Piaget’s stages, during which adolescents learn to reason logically about abstract conceptions
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Systematic problem solving
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The process of finding a solution to a problem by testing single factors
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Hypothetical Deductive reasoning
The ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises
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“David Elkind”
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- hypothesized that another common manifestation of hypothetical –deductive reasoning
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· The belief that the events of ones life are controlled by a mentally constructed autobiography. “A teenage girl may say, “I don’t see my self getting pregnant when asked if she is on the pill. (A story that a teenager makes up to justify their impulses.)
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Imaginary audience
an internalized set of behavioral standards usually derived form a teenager’s peer group. (Believe that everyone else is constantly judging you and you have to respond to that audience.) Everyone wears short skirts
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Task goals are based on a desire for self improvement
Ability goals are based on a desire to be superior to others.
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Identity vs. role confusion
Erickson’s theory, the stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are.
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· Erickson’s term for the psychological state of emotional turmoil that arise when an adolescent sense of self becomes “unglued” so that a new, more mature sense of self can be achieved.
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· The person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals.
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Moratorium
A crisis is in progress, but no commitment has been made yet.
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Foreclosure:
The person has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis. No reassessment of old position has been made. Instead, the young person has simply accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment
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· The young person is not in the midst of a crisis (although there may have been one in the past) and has not made a commitment. Diffusion may thus represent an early stage in the process (before) or a failure to reach a commitment after a crisis.
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Gender role identity
gender-related aspects of the psychological
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Ethnic identity
a sense of belonging to an ethnic group
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Unexamined
negative stereotypes
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Ethnic identity Search
comparing ones own ethnic indentify to others
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1. Adapting ways of solving conflict between the dominant cultures. Some by creating two identities, displaying one in front of the other.
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Level 1: Pre-conventional stage
- Stage 1 Punishment and Obedience Orientation
- Stage 2 Individualism, Instrumental purpose, and exchange
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Level 2: Conventional stage
- Stage 3 Mutual Interpersonal expectations, relationships,and interpersonal conformity
- Stage 4 Social System and conscience
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Level 3: Post-conventional stage
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· 5 Social Contract or utility and individual rights Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principles
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Role-taking
The ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective
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Empathy:
The ability to identify with ones emotions
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Primary aging:
Age related physical change that have a biological basis and are universally shared and inevitable. ( Gray hair, wrinkles) senescence
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Secondary aging
Age related changes that are due to environmental influences, poor health habits or disease, ( I am aging faster due to my disease)
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· The part of the brain that regulates emotional responses
Gives us drive
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· The brain begins to loose volume in early adult hood. Loss of speed and firing rate of the nerves. Loss of hearing, eye sight, reproductive system, skin and hair.
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Locus of control
A set of beliefs about the causes of events
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· Believe that other people control or uncontrollable forces such as luck control their future.
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Internal Locus
Believe that they have some control over what happens to them high self efficacy
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Pessimism:
External locus
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1. Distress
- 2. Dysfunction
- 3. Danger
- 4. Deviance something that makes you odd or rare
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1. Distress
- 2. Dysfunction
- 3. Danger
- 4. Deviance something that makes you odd or rare
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Post formal thought
Types of thought that are associated with a hypothesized fifth stage of cognitive development. Think it depends
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Crystallized intelligence
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· Knowledge and judgment acquired through education and experienceContinues to increase. Things you know to be true or false
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Fluid intelligence
The aspect of intelligence that reflects fundamental biological processes and does not depend on specific experiences. Decreases. memorizing
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Intimacy vs. isolation (Erickson)
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· The young adult must find a life partner. The capacity to engage in a supportive affectionate relationship. (Some choose partners some go solo.)
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Love (Sternberg) Theory postulates three components of love
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1. Intimacy: promotes closeness and connectedness,
- 2. Passion: Longing for union and sexual union
- 3. Commitment: partner is generally committed to the relationship for a long period of time Commitment-decision
- Intimacy - sharing
- Passion-Bio/Emotional
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1. Criticism: you focus on the person, terms that were a judgment on the. (you’re so lazy)
- 2. Contempt: say things essentially label the person as completely bad. (lots of name calling)
- 3. Stonewalling: You ignore the person as much as you can to avoid fight. (Completely ignore out of spite.)
- 4. Defensiveness:
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the ages at which adults are expected to achieve specific milestones. (Some expect that you should have your education by the age of 28 at the latest.)
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1. Marriage
- 2. Preschool children
- 3. Adolescent children
- 4. Last child leaves home
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Climactric:
No longer fertile
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· constantly comparing themselves to others, always wanting to win. Scheduled their lives tightly, timed themselves in routine activities, and often tried to do tasks much faster each time. Frequent conflicts with co workers and family. Since of urgency and aggressiveness or hostility:
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Less hurried laid back, less competitive and less hostile.
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Exhibit chronic pattern of emotional distress combined with the tendency to suppress negative emotions.
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As you get older you start to recognize weakness, you find ways to compensate your weaknesses
(Using a planner for memory loss.)
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Divergent vs. convergent thinking
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When you think out of the box, or just normally.
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Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erickson)
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Around 40-50ish less selfish and start thinking of giving back. Helping others or they don’t care about others and are the opposite.
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Multigenerational caregiver
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Middle aged adults, who provide assistance to their parents and adult children at the same time,
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Compassionate relationships
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Relationships in which grandparents have frequent contact and warm interactions with grand children.
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Selection Optimization with Compensation
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· The process of balancing the gains and losses associated with aging. (The idea that, as the body ages resources such as physical agility and working memory capacity decrease. In order to manage the demands of competing tasks, aging adults select one to which they devote most or all of the resources. Moreover, adults optimize the skills that they believe can be improved by exercising them as much as possible.)
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The Scientific study of aging
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Four main changes in brain
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1. Reduction of brain weight
- 2. Loss of grey matter
- 3. Decline of dendrites, and slower synaptic speed
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The redundancy in the nervous system that ensures that it is nearly always possible for a nerve impulse to move from one neuron to another or from a neuron to another type of cell
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Hayflick limit
Genetically programmed time limit to which each species is theoretically proposed to be subject after which cells no longer have any capacity to replicate themselves accurately
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Telomere
A string of repetitive DNA at the tip of each chromosome in the body that appears to serve as a kind of timekeeping mechanism
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Plaques
When Neurofibers in the brain tangle and appear to clog connections between neurons
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Disengagement theory
The theory that it is normal and healthy for older adults to scale down their social lives and to separate themselves from others to a certain degree
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Shrinkage of life space
as people age they interact with fewer and fewer others and fill fewer and fewer roles
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Increased individuality:
In the roles of relationships that remain the older individual is much less governed by strict rules or expectations
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Acceptance of changes
The healthy older adult actively disengages from roles and relationships turning increasingly inward and away from interactions with others
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