GLY

• -12"
• -Shells not solid
• -Shell on belly

• -First were small
• -Terrestrial carnivors
• -Aquatic niche after parasuichids
• -Large size in later mesozoic (50')

• -Dolphin line
• -50'
• -Tail for propulsion
• -Teeth and large eyes
• -Eats fish and cephalopods
• -Stiff spine
• -Live birth

• -Limbs for propulsion
• -Ate fish, molluscs, snails, used gastroliths
• -Solid rib cage
• -Live birth

• -Scooped up clams and crushed them
• -laid eggs
• -No twisting

• -Tail for propulsion 
• -Ate fish, cephalopods
• -Body twisted, not a fast swimmer
• -Live birth?

• -wing membrane supported by very long 4th 
• -Skeleton light weight
• -Few inches to up to 60' wing span
• -Ate fish, insects, dinosaurs

• -Where did the wing membrane attach to limbs
• -How did they get into air
• -How did they land

-Gymnosperms (cone bearing)

• -Conifers
• -Cyads
• -Ginkgoes

-Requires right wind conditions, lots of pollen, & lots of members of the same species living close together

• -Wide pollen dispersal
• -Lack of insect damage

-Lots of wasted pollen

• -attractant (oder, color)
• -Reward (pollen) 
• -Way to transfer pollen between plants

• -More effecient
• -less pollen waste

• -Won't spread as far/fast
• -Insect damage to the plant
• -codependant

• -Light weight seeds
• -Wings
• -Right wind conditions
• -Large quantity of seeds

-Less damage from herbavors

• -Might end up in area that's not good for growth
• -Only works in certain environments
• -wasted seeds
• -light weight- little food for embryo

• -Attract animal that can carry seed (in fur, feather, or digestive tract)
• -fruit/nuts/barbs

• -Deposited with fertilizer 
• -Less waste
• -More food for embryo

• -seeds can be digested
• -damage from herbivores

They grow faster, so it's easier to repopulate land

• -No holes
• -Primative condition (early reptiles)

• -2 holes
• -Dinosaurs and relatives

• -1 hole
• -mammals and ancestors

• -Differentiated teeth
• -Include sail back reptiles

• -Synapsids that evolved from pelycasaurs, became common in permian in cool climates
• -some thermo regulation
• -differentiated teeth
• -less sprawling

• -group of therapsids thought to be mammal ancestors (triassic period
• -Evolved to small sizes
• -Burrowing, nocternal, large brain
• -hair, fur

• -earliest mammalia forms 
• -large brain

hair impressions

-Gliding mammal unrelated to any other group

• -Most primitive living mammals
• -Egg layers
• -Thermoregulate,but at a lower temp (90)
• -Share genes with reptiles

Occurs when environmental change is either too rapid or too drastic to adapt or migrate

• -Dinosaurs
• -pterosaurs
• -marine reptiles

• -acid rain- affected occanchemistry
• -instant heating
• -dust thrown into atmosphere blocked sunlight (photosynthesis, climate change
• -tsunami
• -wild fires

• -Iridium enriched layer at the k-t boundary in italy
• -represents dust layer thrown up upon impact
• -later found world wide
• -soot at kt boundary-evidence of wildfires
• -shocked quartz
• -crater
• -tsunami deposits

• -Acid rain
• -Wildfires
• -tsunamies

• -Iridum-from deep earth
• -soot
• -shocked quartz
• -glass
• -crater
• -evidence of massive volcanism in indian at end of cretaceous

• -Ferns=disaster species
• -First plants to recolonize an area after disaster
• -fern spike suggests a catastrophe

Animals categorized into guilds based on diet, size, habitat

• Generalized ungulates (hooved mammals)
• -Herbivores
• -few omni/carnivores

• -Origins of many modern groups
• -Origin of whales and other aquatic relatives
• -evolved from terrestrial ancestor

• -ambulecetus and other early whales- 4 limbs and mobility on land
• -dolphins with hind limbs
• -fossil early whale with fetus-orientation indicates birth on land

-Flying mammals originated in eocene 52 MA at incests, no echolocation

• -Rodents and rabits, primates, elephants, horses
• -crocs and flightless birds

• -Climate/oceanography changes; growth of ice sheets, 1st on antarctic + then in arctic
• -spread of woodlands and grasslands replacing forests

• -extinction of archaic mammals
• -expansion of ungulates in grassland

• -gripping hands
• -eyes directed forward
• -larger relative brain size
• -flatter face
• -less specialized teeth & skeleton
• -slow development, parental care, social structure
• -arboreal lifestyle

-Plesidapid, similar to rodants

• -lemurs
• -eocene-adapids

• -Monkeys, apes and humans
• -likely ancestor of old world primates

-Arboreal apes, 80lbs, fruit/leaves diet

• -broadly distributed
• -ancestorial to orangutans

• -Smaller teeth
• -pelvis shape
• -More distinct brow bone
• -limb proportion
• -upright posture
• -furanum magnum
• -ribcage
• -shape of jaw
• -humans have bigger brains

-Humans and chimps seperated about 6MA

• -Climbed on limbs but could walk upright
• -sexes similar in size
• -4', 110lbs

• -Gracile (smaller)
• -Robust
• -Lucy
• -Human like lower body
• -Ape like upper body
• -Walked upright 

-Associated with stone tools but not first tool maker

• -Spread to asia
• -more advanced tools
• -used fire
• -Foot structure same as homo sapian

Homo floresiensis

• -Sturdier bodies and larger brains than homo sapians
• -burried dead in a way that suggests religion
• -attruistic, cannibalistic

• -shift to grassland
• -favored bipedalism & larger brain 
• -changes of rate in development